Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis is a rare and frequently fatal disease, often caused by hematogenous spread of pathogens that are inoculated in the skin of the extremities following minor trauma, and its mortality rate is much high despite aggressive treatment. A rare case of 25-year-old immuno-competent man with cerebral abscess has been described. The etiological agent was microbiologically proved to be a dematiaceous fungi Cladophilaophora bantiana, which is primarily a neurotropic fungus causing deep-seated intra-cranial infections. Treatment was individualized by surgical intervention and appropriate anti-fungal therapy. Thus, it has been described as a successfully managed case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis known to be associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality.

Primary malignant tumors of heart are rare with unfavorable prognosis and are mostly diagnosed on autopsy. They have varied presentation and are difficult to diagnose. Most of the cases are benign and others are sarcomas. Here we present a case of primary cardiac sarcoma which had varied presentation and was undiagnosed due to non specific symptoms. Diagnosis of atrial tumor was confirmed on histopathological examination of tissue obtained after thoracotomy. Being inoperable, the patient was given palliative chemotherapy with which we could provide her a better quality of life.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is an uncommon form of chronic pyelonephritis and a well recognized entity. It is rarely seen in children and neonates. The preoperative diagnosis is difficult and the etiology is still obscure. The condition is mostly diagnosed on nephrectomy specimen. The focal form mimicking neoplastic condition is rare. A case of XGP is reported here in an 8 month old child in which case nephrectomy was done with the clinical diagnosis of malignant renal tumor. Various modalities of preoperative diagnosis of this entity with conservative approach are also discussed.

AIM:The goal of our study was to evaluate the role of high resolution ultrasonography in differentiation of benign and malignant tumors of salivary glands. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was carried out in 52 patients with salivary gland tumors, ultrasound and Color Doppler examination were performed in each patient followed by USG guided FNAC/core biopsy. Presumed ultrasound diagnoses were compared with histopathology. RESULTS: 52 tumors were detected by sonography, out of them 32 were benign and 20 were malignant. 81.2%benign tumors had sharp border, but 20% malignant tumors also had sharp borders. Non-homogenous echo pattern was seen in 85% malignant and 46.7% of benign lesions. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is very useful in identification of salivary gland tumors; however, due to their non-specific imaging features, it is not reliable enough to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. KEYWORDS: High resolution sonography, Color Doppler, Salivary glands, Pleomorphic adenoma, Benign, Malignant. INTRODUCTION:Salivary gland tumors are not common; they represent 2-4% of all head and neck cancers. Majority of them (80%) are located in the parotid gland, 14% in the submandibular gland and the rest of them in the sublingual glands and in the minor salivary glands. (1) The smaller the gland has the higher the proportion of malignant tumors. The rate of malignancy in the parotid gland is 20-25%; it increases to 40-45% in the submandibular gland and to 51-80% in the sublingual and minor salivary glands. (2) High resolution ultrasonography (HRSG) is first choice of imaging modality as it is widely available, cost effective and capable to image all the three major salivary glands, i. e., parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. However, for the deep segment of the parotid gland and minor salivary gland tumors, ultrasound may not be enough. In such cases MRI is used, as it provides very precise information on the position, extension and nature of the mass. (3) In USA, MRI is almost the only technique used in cases where a neoplastic enlargement of a salivary gland is suspected. CT is used mostly to detect salivary duct stones. (4) There are various sonographic features which can predict malignancy like irregular margin, non-homogenous echopattern, calcification, regional enlarged lymph nodes, internal composition and absence of distal acoustic enhancement. (5) therefore, our intention of the study was to evaluate role of ultrasound to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.

BACKGROUNDAcute and chronic mesenteric ischaemia remains a complex disease entity characterised by perfusion abnormality to the GI tract as it presents with nonspecific symptoms. MDCT offers high spatial resolution, fast scan times, 3D data sets, and excellent evaluation of nonvascular findings. Multiphasic CT scan features of acute bowel ischaemia will depend on its cause, location, extent and severity. Wide ranges of findings are seen in patients with mesenteric ischaemia. In fact, CT has demonstrated very high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mesenteric ischaemia and has replaced catheter angiography as the primary imaging modality of choice. MATERIALS AND METHODSWe have retrospectively reviewed 37 cases of mesenteric ischaemia which were diagnosed by MDCT scan during 27 months and were further sent for surgery and or DSA and clinical followup. These patients were further grouped to acute and chronic depending on stenosis/status of mesenteric vessels, bowel wall changes and collateral pathways, and CT findings were correlated with surgical/DSA findings/followup. RESULTSCommon findings of acute mesenteric ischaemia are Bowel wall thickening (80 %), Bowel distention (53.3 %) and altered bowel wall enhancement (46.6%), while other findings SMA dissection, Pneumatosis and Pneumoporta were 33.3%. Common findings of chronic mesenteric ischaemia are blocked SMA and collaterals filling post-block SMA (100%), stenosis of superior mesenteric artery (77.3%), stenosis of IMA (54.5%), and stenosis of celiac trunk (31.8%). CONCLUSIONMultiphasic MDCT in mesenteric ischaemia offers excellent evaluation of vascular structures, bowel wall and demonstrates possible primary cause of mesenteric ischaemia.