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Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between risk aversion and spending in children’s education. Spending in children’s education can be classified as an investment with uncertain outcomes and the return might yield in a relatively long time. It is predicted in this study that risk aversion will have negative impact on spending in children’s education. Methods: This study uses IFLS data and two-period panel regression. Multiple time periods are applied to demonstrate time-varying risk aversion. Results: The results suggest that lower degree of parental risk aversion increases the spending on children’s education, which confirms the theory. Conclusion and suggestion: The result showed that risk aversion significantly affects the spending on children’s education. As a consequence, the government should provide clear information about how important an education is, especially a higher degree. Providing the information may drive the parent to not view education for children as a risky investment.

This study focuses on the difference in spending policy behaviour between regions having re-running incumbents in the 2015 election and regions that have the last-period incumbent. Hypothetically, re-runner incumbents would try to enhance their re-election probability by increasing their targeted expenditures in the times leading to the election time; in contrary, the lastperiod incumbents will do the opposite. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) crosssectional data has been used to analyse the politicians' behaviour on fiscal spending policy for 237 municipalities. The study result shows that there is no difference behaviour between regions having re-running incumbent and regions that have last-period incumbent. Compared to regions with lame ducks, grant expenditure tend to be higher on election year in regions having rerunning incumbent. There is also a tendency that the higher grant expenditure in the year prior to election, the lower grant expenditure during election year in those regions.

The purpose of this research is to see how the difference of gender influenced the preference in online shopping. We focus on the emotional level, the level of practicality, and the level of trust felt by every individual regarding online shopping, which relates towards the frequency of online shopping and the total amount spent on online shopping. The technique of data collection is done via a questionnaire that can be filled online. This research found that women are online shopping more than men, but regarding total spending, men spend more than women. Level of trust becomes the biggest factor for men in deciding how often they do online shopping and how much money they spend. Men's risk aversion influences their activities in online shopping, while women's risk aversion has no significant effects.

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