The results indicate that smokers with CP exhibit a significantly higher serum and salivary cortisol, IL-1β, and stress levels and thus they may show an increased risk and periodontal disease severity. Further exploration of relationships between periodontitis and stress is required.

There was a gradual decrease in the PCA and PCAP in the distal direction anteroposteriorly from maxillary central incisors to first premolars on either sides. The younger age group of both the sexes exhibit greater presence of interdental papilla owing to the lesser D1 dimensions as compared to the older patients.

Background: Frenal attachments are thin folds of mucous membrane with enclosed muscle fibers that attach the lips to the alveolar mucosa and underlying periosteum. It also has septomaxillary ligament that transmits septal growth force to premaxilla. Most often, during the oral examination of the patient the dentist gives very little importance to the frenum, for assessing its morpholology and attachment. However, it has been seen that an abnormal frenum can be an indicator of a syndrome or can cause severe mucogingival problems and prevalence of unaesthetic diastema. Objective: So, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the variations in morphology and attachment of Frenum in diverse population. Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional study enrolled 400 patients comprising both males and females within the age group of 20-40 years. The frenal attachment was recorded according to the classification by Mirko et al. (1974) and . The data was arranged in a tabulated form and analyzed using SPSS software. Chi square test was used for the analysis of the data. Results: Around 61.3%, 30.3%,26.7% of the population in age group 20-30 showed gingival, papillary, papilla penetrating type of frenal attachment respectively. Presence of diastema was seen in 63.6% of female population and 36.4% in male population. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the type of frenal attachment varies with the ethnicity of the population and that diastema is more prevalent amongst females with papilla penetrating type of frenal attachment.

ObjectiveA prime component in an esthetic and pleasing appearance of face is the proportionate presence of different compositions of the face. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between facial index, facial form, lip size, and angulation of anterior teeth with periodontal phenotype in males and females.Materials and MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 100 consecutive periodontally healthy orthodontic patients equally divided based on gender in two groups. The facial parameters including the Facial index (FI), lip size, and Gingival thickness (GT) for maxillary and mandibular incisors were measured using a digital vernier calliper. Maxillary and mandibular incisors inclination was measured using cephalometric analysis.ResultsSignificant differences were observed among both the genders in terms of FI and facial forms, upper lip size, and angulations of mandibular anterior teeth and the periodontal phenotype. The GT was found to be strongly associated with the FI and mandibular anterior teeth angulation.ConclusionThe FI, and teeth inclinations are associated with the GT and shows sexual dimorphism. The evaluation of the periodontal phenotype and anthropometric parameters is essential during diagnosis and treatment planning for potential orthodontic patients and prediction of its influence on the periodontal tissues.Clinical SignificanceThe gingival thickness varies with the facial index, facial form, teeth inclination, and lip size and thereby can be used to predict the pros and cons of orthodontic treatment and the need for prior periodontal therapy.

Background: For any esthetic treatment planning, the shape and form of gingiva should be a prime factor of concern. The correct identification of gingival phenotype (GP) ensures a firm foundation for future health and prognosis of the treatment indicated. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between the GP in the anterior esthetic zone with different types of maloclussion and severity of crowding. Materials and Methods: A total of 110 periodontally healthy controls were equally divided into two groups depending on the type of malocclusion. They were further divided according to the levels of dental crowding as mild, moderate, and severe. GP was measured on the anterior esthetic teeth using transgingival probing, and width of the attached gingiva (WAG) was measured using histochemical staining method. Results: In severe crowding group, the GP in 12 and 22 region was found to be thick ( P = 0.035) while, in 32 and 42 region was thin ( P = 0.042). The WAG shows a significant difference between WAG with 23 in severe crowding group with P = 0.042, whereas there was no significant relationship found between the GP with Angle's classification. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that the teeth in the maxillary and mandibular anterior esthetic region showed the thin phenotype. When the severity of crowding increases, the GP and WAG vary depending on the position of the tooth. There is no association between the Angle's classification and the mean GP of the maxillary and mandibular anterior region teeth.