No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The development of resistance by pathogenic microorganisms to synthetic antibiotics encouraged researchers to find novel drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. This opened new avenues to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of active extracts/constituents from plant endophytes. In the present study, we have isolated endophytic bacteria (ULB-I, II and III) from green algae Ulva lactuca Linn. and the same bacteria were used for fermentation and extraction. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of ULB-I, II and III were prepared and screened for in-vitro antimicrobial activities and also against Kleibesella pnumoniae infected mice in-vivo. In-vitro anti-microbial activities of ULB-I, II and III were performed against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RV strain. From the phylogenetic analysis, the isolated endophytic organisms were identified as Bacillus subtilis JCM strain (ULB-I) and Enterobacter cloacae NBRC strain (ULB-II and III). ULB-I was found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus (1.6µg/ml) and Enterococcus feacalis (0.2µg/ml). The MIC against Staphylococcus aureus and Kleibesella pnumoniae was found to be 0.4µg/ml for ULB-II. A significant anti-fungal activity was observed against Aspergillus flavus (0.2-3.2µg/ml) and Aspergillus niger (0.2-0.4µg/ml). Further, Chloroform fraction of ULB-II and ethyl acetate fraction of ULB-III have shown significant anti-tubercular activity against the tested organism with MIC of 6.25µg/ml. This was supported by in-vivo antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae infection in mice and least hemolytic activity against erythrocytes was observed. HPTLC analysis of above fractions further confirmed the presence of polyvalent secondary metabolites.

Lead is having wide application in day to day life such as building materials, , and sea fish are also commonly intoxicated by lead. Direct or edible exposure of lead is the very common cause of lead toxicity. Chronic toxicity associated with lead is more hazardous compared to acute toxicity. Young children are especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of lead and can suffer from permanent adverse health effects, particularly affecting the brain and nervous system development. Lead causes longterm toxicity in adults, including increased risk of hypertension and kidney damage. Exposure to high lead in pregnant women levels can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight and minor malformations. Lead is responsible for generation of free radicals which induces a broad range of physiological, biochemical and behavioral dysfunctions. Lead exposure is having detrimental effects on almost all the major organ system which is a major contributory factor for incremental mortality and morbidity. Beneficial effects of polyphenol in lead induced toxicity have been noticed. The probable reason by which it may show the protection is scavenging of reactive oxygen species, generated by lead. Moreover, it is reported that they are also responsible for detoxification by removal of accumulated heavy metals from major organs.