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Bioinspired delta-bismuth oxide nanoparticles (δ-Bi 2 O 3 NPs) have been synthesized using a greener reducing agent and surfactant via co-precipitation method. The originality of this work is the use of Crinum viviparum flower extract for the first time for the fabrication of NPs, which were further calcined at 800 °C to obtain δ-Bi 2 O 3 NPs. Physicochemical studies such as FTIR spectroscopy and XPS confirmed the formation of Bi 2 O 3 NPs, whereas XRD and Raman verified the formation of the cubic delta (δ) phase of Bi 2 O 3 NPs. However, HRTEM revealed the spherical shape with diameter 10–20 nm, while BET studies expose mesoporous nature with a surface area of 71 m 2 /gm. The band gap for δ-Bi 2 O 3 NPs was estimated to be 3.45 eV, which ensured δ-Bi 2 O 3 to be a promising photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation. Therefore, based on the results of physicochemical studies, the bioinspired δ-Bi 2 O 3 NPs were explored as active photocatalysts for the degradation of toxic dyes, viz ., Thymol blue (TB) and Congo red (CR) under visible-light irradiation. The study showed 98.26% degradation of TB in 40 min and 69.67% degradation of CR in 80 min by δ-Bi 2 O 3 NPs. The photogenerated holes and electrons were found responsible for this enhancement. Furthermore, molecular docking investigations were also performed for δ-Bi 2 O 3 NPs to understand its biological function as New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) [PDB ID 5XP9 ] enzyme inhibitor, and studies revealed good interaction with various amino acid residues and found good hydrogen bonding with a fine pose energy of −3.851 kcal/mole.

The present work demonstrated a novel Cleome simplicifolia -mediated green fabrication of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) to explore in vitro toxicity in Bm-17 and Labeo rohita liver cells. As-fabricated bioinspired NiO NPs were characterized by several analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a crystalline face-centered-cubic structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed NiO formation. The chemical composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) revealed the mesoporous nature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of 97 nm diameter nanospheres formed due to the congregation of 10 nm size particles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the nearly isotropic behavior of NiO NPs. Further, a molecular docking study was performed to explore their toxicity by binding with genetic molecules, and it was found that the docking energy was about −9.65284 kcal/mol. On evaluating the in vitro toxicity of NiO NPs for Bm-17 cells, the study showed that when cells were treated with a high concentration of NPs, cells were affected severely by toxicity, while at a lower concentration, cells were affected slightly. Further, on using 50 μg/mL, quick deaths of cells were observed due to the formation of more vacuoles in the cells. The DNA degradation study revealed that NiO NPs are significantly responsible for DNA degradation. For further confirmation, trypan blue assay was observed for cell viability, and morphological assessment was performed using inverted tissue culture microscopy. Further, the cytotoxicity of NiO NPs in L. rohita liver cells was studied. No toxicity was observed at 1 mg/L of NiO NPs; however, when the concentration was 30 and 90 mg/L, dark and shrank hepatic parenchyma was observed. Hence, the main cause of cell lysis is the increased vacuolization in the cells. Thus, the present study suggests that the cytotoxicity induced by NiO NPs could be used in anticancer drugs.

The present work portray the Aspidopterys Cordata (AC) leaf extract-assisted fabrication of zinc oxide nanospheres (ZnO NSs) using an eco-friendly approach for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. As fabricated ZnO NSs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fouriertransform infrared (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) for authenticate the structure, shape, size, chemical state, and morphological facet. XRD pattern showed the strong and intense diffraction peaks indicating the formation of crystalline ZnO NSs with hexagonal phase. Further, EDX revealed the formation of highly pure ZnO with signals of Zn and O elements. UV-DRS reveals absorption band at 370 nm, assigned to the intrinsic band-gap absorption of ZnO, owing to the electron transitions from valence band to conduction band. TEM images inveterate the formations of ZnO NSs with mean particle size of 11.6 nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NSs was examined against grampositive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia) human pathogenic bacteria using ZnO NSs by agar-well diffusion method. Furthermore, ZnO NSs exhibited significant antioxidant activity against scavenging 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals.