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Odisha during of 2014-15 and 2015-16 to evaluate the productivity, profitability, energetics and nutrient uptake of post kharif rice-cowpea preceded by rice varieties grown in kharif under different establishment methods. The treatments comprising three establishment methods(Direct Seeded Rice, Non Puddled Transplanted Rice and Puddled Transplanted rice) and three variety/hybrids of rice ('Arize 6129', 'Arize 6444' and 'Swarna') were tried in split plot design with three replications. The Puddled Transplanted Rice (PTR) recorded the maximum rice equivalent yield (8.43 t ha -1 ) for post kharif rice-cowpea which was at par with NPTR (8.34 t ha -1 ) and the minimum of 6.85 t ha -1 was recorded under Direct Seeded Rice (DSR). The total cowpea biomass yield was the maximum under NPTR and the minimum under DSR. The maximum gross return of 1,20,380/-, total energy output of 2,25,045 MJ ha -1 and energy use efficiency of 8.59 was recorded under PTR, NPTR and DSR, respectively. Uptake of nitrogen was higher under NPTR while phosphorus and potassium uptake values were higher under PTR. The rice cultivar/hybrids grown in kharif had no significant effect on yield, economics, energetics and uptake of nutrient, but hybrid 'Arize 6129' recorded higher mean values than hybrid 'Arize 6444' and cv. 'Swarna'.

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Rice-Rice Cropping System is found in irrigated lands and coastal regions of Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. Due to Monocropping, this system has suffered from deterioration in soil health and micronutrient deficiency. Rice-rice system occupies the 2 nd position with an of area 5.89 m ha after rice-wheat cropping system which occupies an area of 11 m ha in India. Ricerice system is no longer productive in Southeast Asia. Transplanting after puddling has been a major traditional method of rice establishment. Repeated puddling adversely affects soil physical properties by dismantling soil aggregates, reducing permeability in subsurface layers, and forming hard-pans at shallow depths which make land preparation becomes difficult and requires more energy to achieve proper soil tilth for succeeding crops. Excessive pumping of water for puddling in peak summers also resulted in declining water table. Rice production with transplanting method has been limited by a number of factors such as water scarcity, high input costs, shortage of skilled labour, sub-optimal plant population. Rice seedlings are transplanted by hired skilled labour that resulted in skilled labour shortage throughout the transplanting period which results into low plant population and eventually low rice yield. To overcome this problem, direct seeding of rice and no-puddled transplanting seems to be viable alternatives in rescuing farmers. This technique reduces labour needs, input requirements, investment and save time by timely sowing of rice and shorten crop duration by 7-10 days than transplanted rice. Direct seeded rice, if managed properly, and provide grain yield comparable with that of transplanting and the system may be intensified by adjusting more crops in a year. Crop and varietal diversification of the rice based cropping systems may improve the productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency of the systems. Diversification is also a viable option to mitigate the risk of climate change. In this review article the effect of rice crop establishment methods with varying duration rice varieties on rice based cropping system are discussed.