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Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrinological condition which is found to be prevalent in 5–10% of women of reproductive age. Historically, a combination of anovulation and androgen excess was considered a hallmark in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Addition of ultrasound features of polycystic ovary syndrome has improved the detection of variation in the polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype. Despite the widespread use of consensus diagnostic criteria, there remain several unresolved controversies in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Difficulty arises in methods of assessment and types of androgens to be measured to detect biochemical hyperandrogenism, setting a cut-off value for the diagnosis of clinical hyperandrogenism, setting an ultrasound threshold of antral follicle count to diagnose polycystic ovaries and also diagnosing this condition in adolescence where there is no clear definition for ‘irregular cycles’. This article looks at various controversies in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome.

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The skeleton of a vehicle, known as a Body in White (BiW), with hundreds of sheet metal components is painted in an automotive assembly paint shop. Multiple ovens are used to bake and cure the layers of paint put on the BiW in a paint shop. These ovens are hundreds of feet long and impart heat to a BiW using radiation and convection modes. Prediction of temperature–time history at different locations of a BiW as it passes through a paint bake oven is important to understand the quality of the cured paint. This paper describes a method to predict the same using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and numerical heat transfer methods, combined with a single generic measurement from the oven. The flow field and the convection parameters around the BiW are obtained from a few quasi-steady CFD simulations of the BiW in the oven. A detailed temperature map on a BiW is then obtained by coupling the CFD results to a transient heat transfer analysis with a moving model of the BiW inside the oven in a thermal nodal network solver. Comparison of the results from the simulation of an actual vehicle and proposed improvements are discussed. The coupled simulation approach is shown to result in a reasonable level of accuracy within acceptable timelines for such a multi-scale physical problem with a highly complicated geometry.

The rising cost of energy and increasing emphasis on environmental issues in today's world make it necessary to search for energy conservation methods in automotive paint shops. Paint curing ovens consume a sizeable por'tion of the total energy utilized. We present here an overview of the energy consumption in paint ovens, followed by a novel method to reduce the energy consumption. Although conventional ovens are designed to operate very efficiently, the carriers used to traverse the bodies in white (BiWs) in a paint shop also take part in heat transfer in an oven, and thus waste energy. Proposed here is a concept of using a shroud to cover the carriers and partially shield them from hot air of the oven. The concept is evaluated using a semicomputational model of an actual paint oven bake process. The computational model uses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a thermal solver to obtain detailed metal temperatures on a BiW and carrier as they traverse in the oven. The numerical results of temperature rises in an unshrouded carrier are compared to that from a shrouded carrier. It is seen that the usage of a shroud results in a significant reduction in the energy consumption of an oven.