Administration of BDNF in rats has also been reported to reduce the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), an inflammatory molecule, while increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This suggests that BDNF may reduce ischemic damage by reducing inflammation (Jiang et al., 2011). Finally, BDNF can inhibit neurotoxicity induced by glutamate in cultured cortical neurons by accumulating in dendrites to activate the tyrosine ki-B-Vitamin and Choline Supplementation Changes the Ischemic Brain