<p class="awabstrak2">The climate in Indonesia as a tropical country is very condusive for the growth of mycotoxins producing fungi. Mycotoxins have properties as carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, estrogenic, neurotoxic, and immunotoxic. Mycotoxins reduce performance, appetite, weight, and immunity. They also cause reproductive disorders and generate the residues in animal products that affect human health. These can be prevented by controlling mycotoxins contamination in agricultural products that used for feed ingredients through good management practices (during planting, harvesting, and storage). Mycotoxins contamination can also be minimized by physical, chemical and biological treatments as well as the application of mycotoxin binders. This review describes the use of mycotoxin binders in animal feed. They are used as feed additives, may be derived from organic, inorganic materials or their combination. Combination of organic and inorganic substances proven to be more effective and efficient in controlling mycotoxin contamination. Therefore, it is recommended to use mycotoxin binders to prevent animal health disorder and to decrease mycotoxin residues in animal products.</p><p class="awabstrak3"> </p>

The livestock sector can improve the community's economy and has a role in fulfilling food needs, especially animal protein. One of the problems in the livestock sector is the presence of infectious diseases that consequently need treatment using veterinary drugs. This paper describes the use of enrofloxacin antibiotics as veterinary drug and their residual hazards on public health. Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic from the family of fluoroquinolones (second generation of quinolone). Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective to kill Gram positive and negative bacteria, so it was used for the treatment of various diseases in animals. Pharmacokinetically, enrofloxacin will be metabolized into ciprofloxacin and other metabolites. The improper use of enrofloxacin antibiotics caused residues in food products of animal origin, microbial resistance and toxicity, therefore the use of enrofloxacin needs to be monitored and evaluated for the sake of animal health and society.

Indonesia sebagai negara tropis rentan terkontaminasi mikotoksin (aflatoksin, okratoksin, fumonisin, trikotesen, deoksinivalenol dan zearalenon) pada pangan dan pakan. Aflatoksin merupakan mikotoksin yang bersifat toksik dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Deteksi adanya kontaminasi aflatoksin dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode, antara lain thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LCMS), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dan imunosensor. ELISA merupakan metode yang memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan metode lainnya, karena dapat mendeteksi dengan cepat, mudah, ekonomis, spesifik dan sensitif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi adanya kontaminasi aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) pada bahan pakan dan pakan ternak secara ELISA. Tingkat kontaminasi AFB1 sebesar 36% dari 50 total sampel. Hasil analisa kadar AFB1 tertinggi terjadi pada jagung dengan kadar 40 ppb. Kadar AFB1 hasilnya pada semua sampel masih di bawah batas regulasi Standar Nasional Indonesia (50 ppb). Kata kunci : aflatoksin, ELISA, pakan, Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI).

USPHS activities in the area of milk sanitation began at the turn of the century with studies on the role of milk in the spread of disease. These studies led to the conclusion that effective public health control of milkborne disease requires the application of sanitation measures throughout the production, handling, pasteurization, and distribution of milk and milk products. These early studies were followed by research to identify and evaluate sanitary measures, which might be used to control disease, including studies that led to improvement of the pasteurization process.To assist States and Municipalities in initiating and maintaining effective programs for the prevention of milkborne disease, the USPHS, in 1924, developed a model regulation known as the Standard Milk Ordinance for voluntary adoption by State and Local Milk Control Agencies. To provide for the uniform interpretation of this Ordinance, an accompanying Code was published in 1927, which provided administrative and technical details as to satisfactory compliance. This model milk regulation, now titled the Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (Grade "A" PMO), 2017 Revision, incorporates the provisions governing the processing, packaging, and sale of Grade "A" milk and milk products, including buttermilk and buttermilk products, whey and whey products, and condensed and dry milk products and represents the 31 st revision and incorporates new knowledge into public health practice.The USPHS/FDA alone did not produce the Grade "A" PMO. As with preceding editions, it was developed with the assistance of Milk Regulatory and Rating Agencies at every level of Federal, State, and Local Government, including both Health and Agriculture Departments; all segments of the dairy industry, including producers, milk plant operators, equipment manufacturers, and associations; many educational and research institutions; and with helpful comments from many individual sanitarians and others.The USPHS/FDA's recommended Grade "A" PMO is the basic standard used in the voluntary Cooperative State-USPHS/FDA Program for the Certification of Interstate Milk Shippers; a program participated in by all fifty (50) States, the District of Columbia and U.S. Trust Territories. The National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) in accordance with the Memorandum of Understanding with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has at its biennial conferences recommended changes and modifications to the Grade "A" PMO. These changes have been incorporated into this 2017 revision. The counsel and guidance rendered by the Conference in preparation of this edition of the Grade "A" PMO is deeply appreciated.The Grade "A" PMO is incorporated by reference in Federal specifications for procurement of milk and milk products; is used as the sanitary regulation for milk and milk products served on interstate carriers; and is recognized by the Public Health Agencies, the milk industry, and many others as the national standard for milk sanitation. The Grade "A" PMO adopted and uniformly appli...

ABSTRAKKematian ternak banyak terjadi karena intoksikasi rumput terkontaminasi herbisida paraquat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas ekstrak daun teh hijau, kulit manggis dan biji pinang untuk penanggulangan intoksikasi paraquat pada kambing. Sepuluh ekor kambing (Capra aegagrus) digunakan sebagai sampel dalam penelitian ini, dengan 5 perlakuan yang diujikan yaitu P0=kontrol, P1=pemberian rumput dengan paraquat 15 mgkg -1 berat badan, P2=rumput dengan paraquat (15 mg kg -1 berat badan) dan ekstrak teh hijau (10 dan 40%), P3=rumput dengan paraquat 15 mg kg -1 berat badan) dan ekstrak kulit manggis (10%), P4=rumput dengan paraquat (15 mg kg -1 berat badan) dan ekstrak biji pinang (10%). Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap gejala klinis dan patologi anatomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan P0 pada kambing bertahan hingga akhir penelitian, P1 mati setelah 3 hari dan 27 hari pasca perlakuan, sedangkan P2, P3, dan P4 bertahan hidup setelah pengobatan. Nekropsi dilakukan pada kambing yang mati maupun yang hidup untuk pengamatan patologi anatomi. Pada grup P0 tidak ditemukan kelainan pada semua organ visceral. Pada grup P1 terjadi hiperemia paru dan otak, hidroperikardium jantung, dan erosi mukosa pada saluran cerna. Pada grup P2, P3, P4 yang masing-masing diberi ekstrak teh hijau, kulit manggis dan biji pinang menunjukkan perbaikan yang signifikan, ditandai dengan penurunan derajat keparahan lesi.