Nigeria, in its quest to strengthen its primary healthcare system, is faced with a number of challenges including a shortage of clinicians and skills. Methods are being sought to better equip primary healthcare clinicians for the clinical demands that they face. Using a mentorship model between developers in South Africa and Nigerian clinicians, the Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK) for adult patients, a health systems strengthening programme, has been localised and piloted in 51 primary healthcare facilities in three Nigerian states. Lessons learnt from this experience include the value of this remote model of localisation for rapid localisation, the importance of early, continuous stakeholder engagement, the need expressed by Nigeria’s primary healthcare clinicians for clinical guidance that is user friendly and up-to-date, a preference for the tablet version of the PACK Adult guide over hard copies and the added value of WhatsApp groups to complement the programme of face-to-face continuous learning. Introduction of the PACK programme in Nigeria prompted uptake of evidence-informed recommendations within primary healthcare services.

The Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, recognised the potential of the Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK) programme to promote integrated, comprehensive and evidence-informed primary care as a means to achieving universal health coverage. Localisation of the PACK guide to become the ‘Ethiopian Primary Health Care Clinical Guidelines’ (PHCG) was spearheaded by a core team of Ethiopian policy and technical experts, mentored by the Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town. A research collaboration, ASSET (heAlth Systems StrEngThening in sub-Saharan Africa), has brought together policy-makers from the Ministry of Health and health systems researchers from Ethiopia (Addis Ababa University) and overseas partners for the PACK localisation process, and will develop, implement and evaluate health systems strengthening interventions needed for a successful scale-up of the Ethiopian PHCG. Localisation of PACK for Ethiopia included expanding the guide to include a wider range of infectious diseases and an expanded age range (from 5 to 15 years). Early feedback from front-line primary healthcare (PHC) workers is positive: the guide gives them greater confidence and is easy to understand and use. A training cascade has been initiated, with a view to implementing in 400 PHC facilities in phase 1, followed by scale-up to all 3724 health centres in Ethiopia during 2019. Monitoring and evaluation of the Ministry of Health implementation at scale will be complemented by indepth evaluation by ASSET in demonstration districts. Anticipated challenges include availability of essential medications and laboratory investigations and the need for additional training and supervisory support to deliver care for non-communicable diseases and mental health. The strong leadership from the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia combined with a productive collaboration with health systems research partners can help to ensure that Ethiopian PHCG achieves standardisation of clinical practice at the primary care level and quality healthcare for all.

Online examination system is a web-based examination system where examination is taken online i.e. through the internet or intranet using computer system. It is an effective solution for mass education evaluation. We have developed an online examination system based on a Browser/Server framework using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 for the design, C# 3.5 for coding, and Microsoft SQL Server as database. ASP.NET is the preferred web technology. The system carries out the examination and auto-grading for multiple choice questions which is feed into the system.KEY WORDS: Online, Examination, System, Auto-grading, Web-based.

Identification of students in higher institutions in Nigeria, coupled with the recent insecurity and impersonation in the country has exposed the need to find a way to identify each and every person in the institution and Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Calabar, Nigeria, is not an exception. The current method of identifying students with an identification card is vulnerable to abuse. To curtail this menace, this research proposes an IOT-based attendance system using ESP32 microcontroller, 0.96” OLED display and R305 fingerprint module. During operation, the system collects the fingerprint data from multiple users through the microcontroller based on ESP32 Wi-Fi enabled module and sends it over the internet to a website. Enrollment of fingerprints is done on the server using the interfaced fingerprint sensor module. Verification of user’s fingerprint is done on the webserver while fingerprint templates are transmitted over Wi-Fi. The website user interface (UI) used in this project is developed using PHP, CSS and JavaScript. It has a database and records of attendance. By logging into the website, attendance records of each user, including personal details as well as incoming and outgoing time can be collected. This data can be downloaded and exported to an excel sheet for evaluation.

Genes are basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. Gene Mutation refers to modification of gene’s DNA sequence. Mutation of genes can vary within a genome and between genomes. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes. Because mutation is one of the fundamental forces of evolution, this work looked into the various computer software tools that can be used for genetic mutation analysis. These applications were reviewed stating the OS platform it depends on, the nature and format of data it accept, the input and output from these software tools and urls were they can be found were also stated.