Objectives Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder worldwide. Hypothyroisim increases cardiovascular risk, thus the study focuses on the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors such as serum Homocysteine, serum Oxidized LDL and Lipid profile and their correlation with TSH levels. Timely evaluation of these risk predictors would help in reducing cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in hypothyroidism. Methods This was a hospital based cross-sectional study consisting of Forty newly diagnosed patients with overt hypothyroidism in the age group of 20–60 years attending Medicine OPD were included as cases and Fifty healthy age and gender matched healthy controls participated as controls in the study. A written and informed consent to all the participants of both the groups was taken after explaining the purpose and details of the study. The Thyroid profile was assessed by CLIA-based MAGLUMI- 1000 analyzer and Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins were analyzed in Fully automated clinical chemistry analyzer EM-200 by using commercially available kits. LDL was calculated indirectly using Friedwalds equation. Commercially available ELISA-based kits were used for analysis of serum Homocysteine and serum oxidized-LDL. Results Elevated levels of serum homocysteine (p<0.0001), Oxidized LDL (p<0.0001) were found in newly diagnosed overt hypothyroid patients as compared to controls whereas significant elevated levelsof TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL (p<0.0001) and decrease in HDLcholesterol (p<0.0001) were reported in newly diagnosed newly diagnosed overt hypothyroid patients. Conclusions We concluded that the association of hyperhomocysteinemia and lipid abnormalities occurring in hypothyroidism may represent a dynamic atherogenic state and thyroid hormone failed to completely normalize Hcy levels. Thus, elevated plasma homocysteine levels may be an independent risk factor for the accelerated atherosclerosis seen in hypothyroidism. In addition, we found that the circulating ox-LDL levels were elevated in untreated hypothyroidism and they tend to be higher in thyroid dysfunction.

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COVID-19 has infected more than 32 million people globally in more than 100 countries. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as an important factor involved in the fatal outcomes of COVID-19. Accumulating evidence suggests that that reciprocal relationship may exist between these two raging pandemics, thus making COVID-19 more challenging for people with diabetes. Furthermore, poorly managed glycaemia in diabetes patients leads to increased risk of severe complications and higher mortality rate. The association between COVID-19 severity and DM can be supported by several pathophysiological mechanisms, such as compromised innate immune system, deranged cell-mediated immunity and adipose tissue infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Exaggerated coagulation and pro-thrombotic milieu in diabetes can predispose to thromboembolic complications associated with fatal outcomes in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Impaired pulmonary function and elevated levels of furin associated with diabetes can increase the chances of COVID-19 infection in patients with diabetes. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger stress hyperglycaemia leading to augmented viral replication and severity of infection associated with poor clinical outcomes in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Endothelial dysfunction associated with virus-induced endothelialitis can lead to organ ischaemia and life-threatening complications associated with COVID-19 with underlying DM. Vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance worsened by SARS-CoV2 can lead to higher mortality and morbidity observed in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Therefore, COVID-19 patients should be adequately monitored for the development of new-onset diabetes, due to deranged glycaemic control, owing to underlying COVID-19 disease, and diabetic patients with COVID-19 should be kept under strict glycaemic control to avoid life-threatening complications.

Objectives Preeclampsia is a multisystem illness that manifests in the third trimester of pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation and is marked by proteinuria and hypertension (PE). Changes in lifestyle, such as eating a high-calorie diet and delaying delivery, have raised the likelihood of developing PE. Eclampsia, abrupt renal failure, thromboembolic episodes leading to cardiac and brain problems, pulmonary embolism, and coagulopathy associated with HELLP syndrome are a few of the complications that might follow preeclampsia in pregnant moms. The objects of this study is to estimate and correlate the levels of NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin), IMA (ischemia modified albumin) and Uric acid in prreclampsia. Methods 40 diagnosed cases of preeclampsia and 40 healthy age and gestational age matched healthy controls were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from them and serum NGAL, IMA and Uric acid levels were estimated. Estimation of NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin), IMA (ischemia modified albumin) was done by commercially available ELISA kits standard spectrophotometry methods in autoanalyzer Mind ray BS300 using commercially available kits. Results The parameters of NGAL and IMA were significantly increased in patients with PE (p<0.001) when compared with the healthy control subjects. γ-glutamyl transferases and OPN were found in patients with ALD (p<0.001) when compared with the control subjects. OPN showed significant positive correlations with AST (r=0.76, p<0.001), ALT (r=0.64 p<0.001), ALP (r=0.68, p<0.001), and GGT (r=0.61, p<0.001). Conclusions The current study focuses on the roles of NGAL and IMA, two sensitive markers of kidney injury that are particularly useful in identifying widespread endothelial dysfunction. As a result, the pattern of elevated NGAL and IMA levels can be useful for diagnosis.

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