Background: Malignancies of head and neck, especially oral cancers are aggressive epithelial cancers and its incidence is specially high in developing countries like India. Few of the common risk factors associated with these tumours are cigarette smoking, alcohol intake and tobacco chewing. These tumours pose a serious public health issue since majority of these patients present at advanced stage of the disease. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics and demographic data associated with squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of head and neck. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in 72 resected specimens of malignancies of Head and Neck over a three year study period. Results: A female predominance was noted (M:F = 0.5:1) with majority in age group between 40-50years. Commonest site was in oral cavity, especially in buccal mucosa and this was seen more often in females. Cigarette smoking was more commonly seen in males when compared to females and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.00001), while tobacco chewing was commonly seen in females than males, the difference was statistically insignificant. There were almost equal number of well and moderately differentiated tumours with 40% of total cases showing lymph node metastasis at time of presentation. Conclusion:The occurrence of most of these tumours in oral cavity buccal mucosa and in females could be linked to the tobacco chewing practice in this population. A proper and strict community education and awareness could possibly lead to decrease its incidence.

Introduction: Helicobacter Pylori and its association with carcinogenesis has significantly changed the field, establishing new guidelines for the detection of it. Carcinogenicity of H. Pylori necessitates grading the variables with visual analogue scale in accordance to Sydney system classification. The objectives of this study is to assess chronic gastritis and grade with visual analogue scale of Sydney classification. Methods: This is a prospective study of 3 years in which 50 gastric endoscopic mucosal biopsies were included in the study. Grading of the variables were done with reference to Sydney classification. Morphological changes in all cases were studied with special reference to atrophy, dysplasia, metaplasia, neutrophilic infiltration, lymphoid follicle formation, plasma cell infiltration & malignant changes along with identification of H. pylori. Results: Of the 50 cases studied for gastritis, 20 cases (44.4%) had Chronic H. pyloric gastritis followed by 18 cases (38.6%) of chronic gastritis with nonspecific features. Evaluation for graded variables showed 41 cases of gastritis with chronic inflammation of which 22 cases showed H. Pylori positivity. Of the 20 cases of gastritis showed inflammatory activity, 11 showed H. Pylori positivity. H. pylori was seen in 21 cases which could be graded. Of the 15 cases of gastritis showing surface epithelial damage, 9 cases showed H. pylori positivity. Chronic inflammation was most commonly observed and 22 of the 41 cases with chronic inflammation showed H.pylori positivity. Presence of H. pylori was an useful indicator in grading of gastritis. Conclusion: Visual analogue scale is an useful indicator to histologically grade chronic gastritis and detection of H. Pylori and helps in better evaluation of patient in preventing the further progression of the disease.

Introduction: Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus and is the most common gynaecological operation done in females worldwide. In the early 20th century, hysterectomies were done for many conditions like leiomyoma, Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB), chronic pelvic pain, endometriosis, adenomyosis, prolapse, and malignancies. Considering that the procedure has a 20-35% life risk, it calls for a thorough justification before consideration. A hysterectomy has mental, physical, social, economic and psychosexual impact, apart from intraoperative and postoperative complications. Thus, an audit on hysterectomies was done to help students, medical fraternity, and the women of Kodagu in having a better understanding of hysterectomies. Aim: To conduct an audit on hysterectomies performed for gynaecological indications to correlate pre-operative diagnosis with the histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included all elective hysterectomies performed for gynaecological indications conducted at the District Hospital of Kodagu Institute of Medical Sciences, Madikeri from January 2018-June 2019. All cases of hysterectomies were considered except Caesarean peripartal hysterectomies. The histopathological findings of the endometrium, myometrium, cervix, ovaries and fallopian tubes were recorded. Findings were tabulated as frequency and percentage. Then, using the data, preoperative indications were compared with postoperative histopathological findings to know if hysterectomy was justified. Results: A total of 238 hysterectomies were performed during 18 months in the District Hospital. Abdominal and vaginal approaches were used. Panhysterectomy via abdominal approach was the most common type of hysterectomy. The most common age group where hysterectomy occurred was 41-60 years. The most common indication for hysterectomy was found to be Fibroid uterus. Analysis of the myometrial findings revealed that the most common finding was leiomyoma. Majority of ovaries and fallopian tubes did not show significant pathology. Conclusion: Panhysterectomy was the most common type of hysterectomy. Fibroid were the most common histopathological findings and medium and small sized fibroids can be given a trial of nonsurgical management. Injudicious use of hysterectomy procedure has multiple loop holes involving medical fraternity, socioeconomic conditions of women and attitude of society towards female reproductive health.