BACKGROUNDGenus Citrobacter is one of the aerobic Gram negative non-sporing bacilli, from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Citrobacter koseri and Citrobacter freundii are the commonest species implicated in infections. It is emerging as an important nosocomial pathogen. It is associated with high mortality and morbidity rate. They are often resistant to routinely used antibiotics. Emerging drug resistance is a therapeutic concern for clinicians worldwide, thus isolation and antibiotic sensitivity of Citrobacter is critically needed.

Background: During the past several decades, there has been a steady increase in the frequency of isolation of Candida spp. from blood stream infections from NICU worldwide. Furthermore, monitoring programs have detected an increase in the prevalence of infections caused by non albicans Candida (NAC). NAC are reported to be intrinsically resistant and less susceptible to empirically used azoles like Fluconazole. Thus speciation and antifungal susceptibility testing become imperative for these isolates. Objective: To study the trend in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern among blood stream Candida strains isolated from neonatal intensive care patients was the aim of the study. Method: Susceptibility testing of clinically significant Candida isolates to various antifungal was performed by E-test in accordance with manufacturer instructions. The results obtained were analyzed and compared. Results: The most frequently isolated species was Candida tropicalis (52.83%) followed by Candida parapsilosis (16.98%), Candida albicans (9.4%), Candida glabrata (9.4%), Candida krusei (7.5%) and Candida guilliermondii (3.77%). Overall sensitivity of 85%, 81%, 26%, and 98% respectively to Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Itraconazole and Voriconazole was found. Conclusion: The study shows the clinical significance and mycological shift of Candida species in blood culture of the neonatal population with a predominance of NAC species. Voriconazole showed an excellent activity and can be used in empirical treatment for candidemia rather than Fluconazole.

Background: Fine-needle cytology (FNC) is a useful diagnostic tool in the rst line evaluation of lymphadenopathy of unknown etiology. Due to a lack of standard uniform criteria and reporting systems, the use of FNC in lymph nodes is still not universally acknowledged by clinicians. Aims/objectives: To categorize the lymph node lesions according to Sydney system of reporting the lymph node aspiration cytology cases and assess the risk of malignancy (ROM) for each diagnostic category wherever applicable. Cross sectional retrospective study Study Design: Material and methods: This study was conducted by including all the lymph node aspiration cases over a period of three years. All lymph node cytology the slides were retrieved and reviewed and categorized according to Sydney system of reporting. Corresponding histopathology slides were reviewed and risk of malignancy were calculated. There were 422 lymph node Results: cytology cases. Majority of cases (323) belonged to benign/L2 group followed by L5/malignancy (92 cases), L1/ Non diagnostic (04 cases), L3/ALUS (02 cases) and one case in L4/ suspicious category. By using standardized reporting methods, one can communicate clinically Conclusion: important information in a reproducible manner while limiting interobserver variability

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This study is based on urine culture and sensitivity of the samples collected from the suspected cases of urinary tract infection visiting the outdoor of MGM Medical College and Hospital, Jamshedpur. The isolates are subjected to biochemical identication and susceptibility testing and the result is correlated with microscopic ndings. This data can be used to determine the prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection and study the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of the isolated bacteria. In this study 309 urine samples were collected over a period of 6 months and culture sensitivity was performed using conventional methods. 44.6% of the urine samples showed growth. The predominant isolate was Escherichia coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae.