Industrial and municipal wastes, agricultural contamination owing to pesticides and chemical hazards, seawater intrusion in coastal areas, and other factors damage groundwater. In several towns and industrial clusters across India, is becoming a rising subject of concern. Groundwater is difficult to contaminate, but once contaminated, it is difficult to clean up. It is critical to attain this goal using a variety of aquifer vulnerability assessment approaches. All of these strategies rely on process models as well as statistical or overlay index methodologies. Groundwater vulnerability is a major topic of discussion due to declining groundwater levels and rising contamination, posing a serious threat to the environment and water sources. To identify the risk and to assess the vulnerability extensive research has carried out among them all the methods are worked based on the different parameters and different indexes. DRASTIC method is one of the most important and accurate method of overlay and index method for the assessment of groundwater vulnerability. This research study is a systematic analysis of the available research articles on the applications of DRASTIC and Modified DRASTIC (DRASTIC-L) performance management process on Geographical Information Systems (GIS).This research also reveals research gaps in the various groundwater vulnerability assessment approaches, as well as their limits and hypotheses.This study discovered that integrating GIS with DRASTIC is the most effective and accurate way for determining groundwater vulnerability. In the agricultural, arid, semi-arid, and basaltic zones, the modified DRASTIC model also outperforms the traditional DRASTIC model.

The quality and quantity of groundwater may differ from area to area so groundwater is a very important source of water worldwide. The aim of the study is to assess groundwater vulnerability in terms of quality using the GOD method using the GIS approach for Surat and its surroundings. Groundwater confinement, overlaying strata and depth to the water table are the three parameters that are used in the assessment of groundwater vulnerability. The lithological properties of the unsaturated zone are given significance by this method in the subdivision of areas with various levels of susceptibility, as shown by the GOD index map. Based on this, the study area lies in the high and very highly vulnerable areas. Based on the study Mahuva, Mandvi, Umarpada and some parts of the Bardoli talukas lie in a very high vulnerability zone, whereas another part of the study area lies in high vulnerability. Almost 35.98% area of the district lies in the higher vulnerability zone. It is observed that high vulnerability may be due to the availability of the agricultural area. This study may help in groundwater quality management and watershed management as well as it is very much useful for policymakers.

Groundwater is one of the most important water resources, with varying quality and quantity. It is extremely difficult to recycle contaminated groundwater. As a result, protecting groundwater from contamination is critical. Industrial and municipal wastes, agricultural contamination owing to pesticides and chemical hazards, seawater intrusion in coastal areas, and other factors damage groundwater. The objective of the study is to assess the groundwater quality vulnerability using the DRASTIC model with a geoinformatics approach in Surat and its surroundings. Depth of water, Net recharge, Aquifer, Soil, Topography, Impact of the vadose zone, and Hydraulic conductivity are the parameters to be considered for assessing the vulnerability using the DRASTIC model. In this study, all parameters are weighted by conventional weights. The study shows that almost 53.46% of the total study area is under moderate vulnerability, and 46.54% of the area is under high vulnerability. Olpad, Kamrej, chorasi, Surat city, and the lower part of Bardoli talukas are coming under high vulnerability, whereas other parts are coming under moderate vulnerability. It is observed that the parameters like net recharge, impact of the vadose zone, depth to the water table, and aquifer media are largely affected by high vulnerability. The study delineates groundwater vulnerability in the study area, which can help land-use policies and norms for activities connected to recharge and seepage concerning the current status of groundwater vulnerability and quality. This study helps policymakers and local authorities in taking protective measures for groundwater quality.

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