Background: Majority of the risk factors for NCDs are measurable and modifiable thus continuous surveillance of the levels and pattern of these risk factors is of fundamental importance. Taking cognizance of Jaipur city rapidly adopting to metropolitan culture; this study may mark an important milestone in surveillance activities and setting preventive priorities for NCDs in the state of Rajasthan. Aim of the study is to measure prevalence and associated variables of major risk factors for NCDs in the age group of 25-64 years.Methods: It is a cross sectional, descriptive study, conducted on 1454 person aged 25 to 64 years, residing in Jaipur city, from 1st June 2012 to 31st December 2013, using two steps of ‘standard WHO STEPS structured instrument’. Categorical data were expressed in form of percentage. Chi-square test was used to analyse difference in proportions. Continuous data were summarized in form of mean and SD. The differences in means were analysed by student’s t test.Results: At least one risk factor was present in all persons moreover 35% had multiple risk factors. Multiple risk factors were present even in 20% of relatively young adults (25-34 years). Tobacco and alcohol consumption was seen in 28% and 29% respectively. Standard of living index was associated with obesity, hypertension and low physical activity but not with alcohol use, smoking and daily consumption of fruit & vegetable. Male consumed more alcohol, indulged in less physical activity and smoked more than twelve times than females.Conclusions: Educating younger population for healthy lifestyle adoption and focused educational intervention with strict enforcement of existing laws will be helpful in controlling this epidemic of NCD.

Background:Adolescents are a relatively healthy group, but their developmental stage makes them vulnerable to many risk-taking behaviors. One such major issue is road safety practices and their risk on roads.Objective:To determine road safety risk behavior among school-going adolescents of Jaipur city and factors associated with it.Materials and Methods:An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2015 to February 2016. A total of 900 school-going adolescents were enrolled from eight schools of Jaipur city and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire was administered.Results:Most of the participants (67.56%) were in the age group of 13–16 years. A total of 682 (75%) adolescents were driving one or other type of vehicle to commute. Out of the 682 vehicle-using adolescents, 603 (88%) had risky behavior on roads. Driving under the influence was found more among those using four-wheelers (10%) than two-wheelers (5%). Almost half of drivers used mobile phones while driving a car or two-wheeler. There was statistically significant association between risk on roads with respect to rising education and occupation of parents. A majority (88.41%) of the school-going students were found to be at risk on roads while driving. Safety-belt was not used by 28% of the students while half did not use a helmet. More than 70% of the car drivers and two-wheeler drivers drove without license.Conclusion:Majority of the adolescent drivers are at risk on roads. Driving without license and/or helmet and using mobile phone are the main risk factors.

Background: Adolescents are a relatively healthy group, but their developmental stage makes them vulnerable to many risk‑taking behaviors. One such major issue is substance abuse. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to determine substance abuse behavior among school‑going adolescents of Jaipur city and factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross‑sectional study was conducted from July 2015 to February 2016. A total of 900 school‑going adolescents were enrolled from eight schools of Jaipur city and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire was administered. Results: Most of the participants (67.56%) were in the age group of 13–16 years. Twelve adolescents out of 900 (1.34 %) in the given sample were taking drugs. Out of these, 66.67% took drugs 1 or 2 times in their life so far, while 33% took it 3–9 times. Majority 91.66% of the drug users were from government school (9 times more risk), 9/12 (75%) of the drug users were males. A total of 10% (90/900) of the study population were consuming tobacco. All of these adolescents smoke and 87.78% (79/90) chew tobacco. Conclusion: Although proportion seems less, yet the age at which these young students have been exposed to and indulged in substance abuse is a matter of concern.

Background India rolled out its vaccination program against COVID 19 on and from 16th January 2021. Apart from preventive measures like Covid Appropriate Behavior, vaccines were introduced as key specific protection against the virus in several parts of world. The present study is designed to profile spectrum of post vaccination outcome in terms of clinical signs/symptoms including adverse effects encountered among recipients across India. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 188 vaccine recipients of more than 18 years of age through snow ball sampling using a semi- structured, pre tested instrument with appropriate questions after taking informed consent. Results: In this study 12.7 % were found to have tested positive for COVID-19 and 28.7 %were having various co-morbidity. Among all co-morbidities hypertension, diabetes and obesity were statistically significant with Covid status of the patients. ‘Pain at injection site’ was the most common symptom observed among Covid-19 positive and negative groups. A significant difference was observed between proportions of recipients with ‘fever’, ‘chills’ and ‘fatigue’ implying an association between test status for Covid and the symptoms. Within first 24 hours, 38.5% people had experienced ‘arthralgia’ and 71% of the people had reported ‘pain at injection site’.