The suitability of multication doping to stabilize the disordered Fd 3̅ m structure in a spinel is reported here. In this work, LiNi 0.3 Cu 0.1 Fe 0.2 Mn 1.4 O 4 was synthesized via a sol–gel route at a calcination temperature of 850 °C. LiNi 0.3 Cu 0.1 Fe 0.2 Mn 1.4 O 4 is evaluated as positive electrode material in a voltage range between 3.5 and 5.3 V (vs Li + /Li) with an initial specific discharge capacity of 126 mAh g –1 at a rate of C /2. This material shows good cycling stability with a capacity retention of 89% after 200 cycles and an excellent rate capability with the discharge capacity reaching 78 mAh g –1 at a rate of 20 C . In operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements with a laboratory X-ray source between 3.5 and 5.3 V at a rate of C /10 reveal that the (de)lithiation occurs via a solid-solution mechanism where a local variation of lithium content is observed. A simplified estimation based on the in operando XRD analysis suggests that around 17–31 mAh g –1 of discharge capacity in the first cycle is used for a reductive parasitic reaction, hindering a full lithiation of the positive electrode at the end of the first discharge.

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Pyrrolin-4-ones/pyrrolin-3-ones and its derivatives are important heterocyclic systems which are observed in vast variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and biologically important compounds. Different researchers all across the world have developed different synthetic methodologies for the construction of functionalized pyrrolin-4-ones/pyrrolin-3-one scaffolds such as the transition-metal catalyzed/mediated cycloisomerizations of 1-aminoynones and dimerization of enaminones or α-diazo-β-oxoamides etc. The present review article summarizes various reports on the synthesis of various simple and functionalized pyrrolin-4-ones/pyrrolin-3-ones from 2000 onward.

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