The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of financial inclusion in OIC countries which operate Islamic Banking and the link between financial inclusion and the development of Islamic finance. This study investigates the role of Islamic finance to financial inclusion which included the development of Islamic financial and socio-economic variables as independent variable. Panel data regression has been used to estimate the relationship between the development of Islamic finance and financial inclusion. EGLS, Estimated Generalize Least Square, is conducted to reduce the autocorrelation among residual due to cross-sectional effect. Using Sharma Financial Inclusion Index, this study finds that the average Financial Inclusion Index, IFI, is 22.2 with the highest index is 56.7 for Kuwait and the lowest index is 2.8 for Sudan. Using the three non-standard Random Effect Model (REM) models, this research generates consistent and robust regression coefficients. This research found that there is a negative impact of development of Islamic finance on financial inclusion, even small. This indicates that the development of Islamic finance does not help much the public to increase access to the financial sector. On the other hand, financial inclusion is still heavily influenced by macroeconomic variables such as the level of unemployment and national income. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur tingkat inklusi keuangan di negara-negara anggota Organisasi Kerjasama Islam, OKI, yang mengoperasikan perbankan syariah serta hubungan antara inklusi keuangan dengan pengembangan keuangan Islam. Penelitian ini membahas peran keuangan Islam terhadap inklusi keuangan dengan memasukkan variable perkembangan keuangan Islam dan variabel ekonomi sosial sebagai variabel penjelas. Regresi data panel digunakan untuk mengestimasi hubungan antara pengembangan keuangan Islam dan inklusi keuangan. EGLS, Estimated Generalize Least Square, digunakan untuk mengurangi potensi adanya autokorelasi akibat adanya efek antar ruang (cross-section). Dengan merujuk indeks inklusi keuangan Sharma, studi ini menemukan bahwa indeksiInklusi keuangan rata-rata di negara-negara OKI adalah 22,2 dengan indeks tertinggi adalah 56,7 untuk Kuwait dan indeks terendah adalah 2,8 untuk Sudan. Dengan menggunakan tiga model non standar Random Effect Model (REM), riset ini menunjukkan hasil yang konsisten dan robust. Riset ini menemukan bahwa pengembangan keuangan Islam terhadap inklusi keuangan, cenderung memberikan kontribusi negatif meskipun kecil. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pengembangan keuangan Islam tidak banyak membantu masyarakat untuk meningkatkan akses kepada sektor keuangan. Di sisi lain, inklusi keuangan masih banyak dipengaruhi oleh variable ekonomi makro seperti tingkat pengangguran dan pendapatan nasional.

The shifting trend toward m-banking services has caused competition, as multiple banks compete to convince customers to adopt m-banking services, and so must deliver excellent services. As a result, banks must prioritize meeting client expectations and providing high-quality services to compete. This study aims to examine the factors influencing Muslim students’ intentions to use mobile banking (m-banking) in Islamic banks (IB), conventional banks (CB), and conventional Islamic banks in Indonesia (ICB). The study sample consisted of 315 Muslim students who use m-banking in Islamic banks, 369 Muslim students who use conventional banks, and 207 Muslim students who use conventional Islamic banks. The partial least square (PLS) method was used to evaluate the unified theory of acceptance and the use of technology (UTAUT) on Muslim students’ intention in using m-banking. Based on the value of the coefficient of determinant (R2), the UTAUT model in this study is classified as a moderate model. This study reveals that facilitating conditions (FC), habit (HA) and performance expectancy (PE) affect Muslim students’ intentions to use m-banking at Islamic and conventional banks. Meanwhile, the intentions of Muslim students who use m-banking in conventional Islamic banks is influenced by effort expectancy (EE), FC, HA and PE. Surprisingly, social influence (SI) has no effect on Muslim students’ intentions to use mobile banking at Islamic, conventional, and Islamic conventional banks.

This paper analyzes the impact of banks' risk to the profitability of Islamic banks and to identify what risks play the non-trivial role. To this objective, 75 Islamic banks in 24 countries in 2015 have been studied. A series of bank risks, industry-specific and macroeconomic indicators are combined to explain the profitability of Islamic banking as measured by Return on Average Assets (ROAA), Return on Average Equity (ROAE), and Value Added (VA). The bank risks comprise credit risk, insolvency risk, liquidity risk, and operational risk. Having used robust linear regressions, the results indicate that all four types of risk influence bank's profitability. Operational risk is the risk that plays the most important role in influencing banks' profitability, whether measured by ROAA, ROAE or profit before taxes over the total asset (PBTTA). On the other hand, credit risk, liquidity, and insolvency do not conclusively increase or decrease Islamic bank profitability. Macroeconomic conditions, measured by inflation, actually has a positive impact on the profitability of Islamic banks. This indicates that operational risks and macroeconomic stability should be given primary attention in increasing bank's profitability. AbstrakMakalah ini mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis dampak risiko bank terhadap profitabilitas bank syariah. Untuk itu penelitian ini meneliti 75 bank syariah di 24 negara pada tahun 2015. Serangkaian risiko bank, indikator industri dan makroekonomi dianalisis untuk menjelaskan profitabilitas perbankan syariah yang diukur dengan Return on Average Assets (ROAA), Return on Average Equity (ROAE), dan Value Added (VA). Risiko bank terdiri dari risiko kredit, risiko insolvensi, risiko likuiditas, dan risiko operasional. Dengan menggunakan regresi linier, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat jenis risiko tersebut mempengaruhi profitabilitas bank. Risiko operasional adalah risiko yang berperan paling penting dalam mempengaruhi profitabilitas bank, baik yang diukur dengan ROAA, ROAE atau laba sebelum pajak atas total aset (PBTTA). Di sisi lain, risiko kredit, likuiditas dan insolvensi tidak secara meyakinkan meningkatkan atau menurunkan profitabilitas bank syariah. Kondisi makro ekonomi, yang diukur dengan inflasi, sebenarnya berdampak positif terhadap profitabilitas bank syariah. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa risiko operasional dan stabilitas makroekonomi harus mendapat perhatian utama dalam meningkatkan profitabilitas bank.

This study aims to find out and understand how the sharia stock screening model applies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the United States and find a harmonization solution. The method used in this study is descriptive-qualitative through a literature study approach. Research data was obtained from various sources both online and offline, such as journal articles, books, and websites related to the screening of Sharia-compliant stocks, to be further analyzed using the content analysis method. The results show that there are differences in the screening criteria for sharia stocks on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, the Malaysian Stock Exchange, and the American Stock Exchange, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This difference is seen as a natural thing in Islamic teachings because it is in the realm of muamalah fiqh, which of course is adapted to the conditions of the people of each country. However, it is necessary to consider generalizing the implementation of strict and uniform sharia stock screening in order to increase understanding, interaction, and economic cooperation among Muslim countries at the global level.