Background Hybridoma technology is one of the most common methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies. In this process, antibody-producing B lymphocytes are isolated from mice after immunizing the mice with specific antigen and are fused with immortal myeloma cell lines to form hybrid cells, called hybridoma cell lines. These hybridoma cells are cultured in a lab to produce monoclonal antibodies, against a specific antigen. This can be achieved by an in vivo or an in vitro method. It is preferred above all the available methods to produce monoclonal antibodies because antibodies thus produced are of high purity and are highly sensitive and specific. Main body of the abstract Monoclonal antibodies are useful in diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic purposes and have a very high clinical significance. Once hybridoma cells become stable, these cell lines offer limitless production of homogenized antibodies. This method is also cost-effective. The antibodies produced by this method are highly sensitive and specific to the targeted antigen. It is an important tool used in various fields of research such as in toxicology, animal biotechnology, medicine, pharmacology, cell, and molecular biology. Monoclonal antibodies are used extensively in the diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies are used as probes to detect tumor antigens in the living system; also radioisotope coupled antibodies are used for therapeutic target specific action on oncogenic cells. Short conclusion Presently, the monoclonal antibodies used are either raised in mice or rats; this poses a risk of disease transfer from mice to humans. There is no guarantee that antibodies thus created are entirely virus-free, despite the purification process. Also, there are some immunogenic responses observed against the antibodies of mice origin. Technologically advanced techniques such as genetic engineering helped in reducing some of these limitations. Advanced methods are under development to make lab-produced monoclonal antibodies as human as possible. This review discusses the advantages and challenges associated with monoclonal antibody production, also enlightens the advancement, clinical significance, and future aspects of this technique.

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The removal of chlorinated organic compounds from bleached kraft pulp mill effluent in an operating biological treatment system, consisting of an aerated lagoon and settling pond, was studied. The system performed extremely well for reduction of BOD. Preliminary results indicate that the overall removal of AOX was in the range of 15 to 47% across the entire system with the majority being removed in the aerated lagoon. Removal of low molecular weight (<1000 dalton) AOX was greater at 43–50%. About one third (range 30–36%) of the TOC was removed and the ratio of AOX to TOC was relatively constant at about 0.124 (g AOX/g TOC) throughout the lagoon suggesting that the mechanisms of removal were the same for both. The amount of chlorine bound to the organic matter in the sludge and in the interstitial water was found to be relatively constant throughout the lagoon. Significantly less AOX was found in the interstitial water than in the overlying water.

Lycopersicon esculentum respond to UV-B by enhanced synthesis of flavonoid quercetin, a strong antioxidant that

Environmental stresses are a major threat for agricultural productivity. But certain biotic and abiotic stresses like salinity and heavy metals, especially cadmium and lead are the main cause of soil degradation and inhibit germination, speed of germination, dry mass accumulation, photosynthetic pigments due to perturbed physiochemical processes resulting decline in growth and related metabolites. Salinity possesses a negative impact on plant growth as it causes plant intoxication and osmotic stress which interferes with the crop development. While heavy metals inhibit nitrate reductase activity and decrease organic nitrogen and protein contents. Their higher concentrations can severely distress the growth of plant and biomass yield. The dynamic approaches of PA’s are demonstrated in all the disciplines like plant sciences, human health and microbiology. Despite their important contributions in research, still some areas remain least explored like the action of polyamines in plant stress physiology and its future practical applications. Cadaverine (Cad), a structurally different diamine which has an independent biosynthetic pathway also comes under the family of polyamines. It improves crop salt tolerance; improvise heavy metal stress, acts as a plant growth regulator that further activates antioxidant defense system and it intensely upholds the stressed plant growth through preserving the metabolites.