To estimate Net Primary Productivity (NPP) which more represent nature condition, it is important to know both horizontal and vertical distribution. Carbon-based Productivity Model (CbPM) used to calculate NPP in 15 layers of depth. Gauss equation and Lambert Beer Law used to estimate chlorophyll-a and light intensity in each layer from satellite-derived data, whereas the temperature data obtained from model result of HAMburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM). This model is being applied to verified and describe how the NPP had been distributed in Banda Sea on 2006. Verification results show that CbPM algorithm has clearly give less error in data observation than what Vertically Generalized Production Model (VGPM) algorithm did, which stand on the error average approximately 33%. The results also show that the vertical distribution of NPP in Banda Sea indicate a seasonal variation.

The existence of upwelling generally increases waters productivity. However, the influence of upwelling could be different based on location and time. The difference of upwelling duration and intensity (strength) can affect the variability of primary productivity in Indonesian waters. The estimation of primary productivity during the period of January 2000 to December 2007 was conducted using Carbon-based Production Model (CbPM). Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) Anomaly data on the same period was used as parameter to determine the upwelling conditions. The study locations were west coast of Sumatra, south waters of East Java to East Nusa Tenggara, Banda Sea, Gulf of Bone, Maluku Sea and Halmahera Sea. The results showed that in the south of East Java and Banda Sea have upwelling with longer duration (3–4 months) and higher intensity (decrease in temperature reached >2°C below average), the primary productivity was higher than other locations. Halmahera Sea showed the existence of upwelling only at certain time when El Niño occurred, while Gulf of Bone and Maluku Sea showed the occurrence of upwelling during southeast season only with 2–3 months of duration and vary intensity, which shown with the decrease in temperature ranging from 0,5–1,8oC below average. El-Niño and dipole mode in Indonesia waters generally caused longer duration and stronger intensity of upwelling producing more productivity than normal years.Keywords: Upwelling, Primary Productivity, Carbon-based Production Model

ABSTRAK Salah satu permasalahan penting sebagai akibat berbagai aktivitas di Teluk Balikpapan adalah erosi dan sedimentasi yang dapat menyebabkan degradasi lingkungan seperti peningkatan kekeruhan, pencemaran air, degradasi mangrove yang mengancam ekosistem perairan dan juga pendangkalan pada kawasan pelabuhan laut Balikpapan. Beberapa kajian erosi dan sedimentasi terdahulu di DAS Teluk Balikpapan menyatakan kandungan sedimen tersuspensi yang tinggi terdapat pada muara sungai-sungai utama yang bermuara ke Teluk Balikpapan. Pemodelan numerik hidrodinamika dan pemodelan dispersal dua dimensi untuk partikel sedimen tersuspensi dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran faktor-faktor hidrodinamika yang berpengaruh dan juga identifikasi pola distribusi partikel sedimen tersuspensi di Teluk Balikpapan. Simulasi sebaran partikel sedimen tersuspensi dilakukan pada beberapa skenario sumber partikel, yaitu di muara Sungai Semoi, hulu dan muara Sungai Riko, muara Sungai Wein, dan di bagian mulut Teluk Balikpapan. Simulasi dilakukan selama 15 hari untuk musim barat dan musim timur untuk mengetahui variasi sebarannya terhadap kondisi musim. Kata kunci: partikel sedimen tersuspensi, hidrodinamika, pemodelan dispersal, transpor sedimen. ABSTRACT One of the important problems as a result of various activities in Balikpapan Bay is erosion and sedimentation which can cause environmental degradation such as increased turbidity, water pollution, mangrove degradation which threatens aquatic ecosystems and also silting of the Balikpapan sea port area. Some previous erosion and sedimentation studies in the Balikpapan Bay watershed state that high concentration of suspended sediment is found in the estuaries of the main rivers that flow into Balikpapan Bay. Numerical hydrodynamic modeling and two-dimensional dispersal modeling for suspended sediment particles are carried out to obtain an overview of influential hydrodynamic factors and also to identify distribution patterns of suspended sediment particles in Balikpapan Bay. Simulations on the distribution of suspended sediment particles were carried out in a number of particle source scenarios, i.e. at the Semoi River estuary, upstream and Riko River estuary, Wein River estuary, and at the mouth of Balikpapan Bay. The simulation is carried out for 15 days for the west and east seasons to find out the seasonal variation. Keywords: suspended sediment particles, hydrodynamic, dispersal modeling, sediment transport.

The existence of upwelling generally increases waters productivity. However, the influence of upwelling could be different based on location and time. The difference of upwelling duration and intensity (strength) ABSTRAKAdanya proses upwelling disuatu perairan umumnya akan meningkatkan produktivitas perairan. Namun besar pengaruh dari upwelling ini dapat berbeda berdasrkan tempat dan waktu. Adanya perbedaan durasi (lama kejadian) dan intensitas (kekuatan) dari upwelling dapat mempengaruhi variabilitas produktivitas primer wilayah perairan Indonesia. Estimasi produktivitas primer pada periode Januari 2000 sampai Desember 2007 dilakukan menggunakan Carbon-based Production Model (CbPM). Data Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Anomaly pada periode yang sama digunakan sebagai indikator untuk menentukan kondisi upwelling. Lokasi yang dianalisis antara lain perairan barat Sumatera, perairan selatan Jawa Timur sampai Nusa Tenggara Timur, Laut Banda, Teluk Bone, Laut Maluku, dan Laut Halmahera. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selatan Jawa Timur dan Laut Banda yang memiliki durasi lebih panjang (3-4 bulan) dan intensitas lebih tinggi (anomali SST mencapai >-2 o C di bawah rata-rata), menghasilkan produktivitas primer yang paling tinggi dibandingkan lokasi lainnya. Laut Halmahera memperlihatkan adanya upwelling hanya pada waktu tertentu seperti saat terjadinya El-Niño, sedangkan Teluk Bone dan Laut Maluku memperlihatkan terjadinya upwelling setiap musim timur dengan durasi hanya 2-3 bulan dan intensitas upwelling yang bervariasi, ditunjukkan dengan penurunan temperatur berkisar 0,5-1,8 o C di bawah rata-rata. Adanya fenomena El-Niño dan dipole mode positif yang terjadi di perairan Indonesia umumnya menyebabkan durasi upwelling yang lebih lama dan intensitas upwelling meningkat sehingga menghasilkan produktivitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tahun-tahun normal.Kata kunci: upwelling, produktivitas primer, carbon-based production model