Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin that often contaminates milk. Like other mycotoxins, it is thermostable and potentially carcinogenic. The present work was carried out to evaluate the ability of microorganisms isolated from Indonesian kefir grains to reduce AFM1 in contaminated phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Fourteen isolates of lactic acid bacteria, both aerobic (LAE) and anaerobic (LAN), and nine isolates of yeast (YEA) were used. The significantly highest AFM1 reduction percentage was shown by the isolate LAE7 (29.3 ± 0.6%) after 4 h incubation. DNA sequencing of LAE7 and YEA2 isolates showed that these isolates had homology (level of similarity) with species of Lactobacillus kefiri strain A/K and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-12632, respectively. The present work proved that isolates from Indonesian kefir grains could reduce AFM1 and have the potential for practical use.

This study aims to measure the effectiveness of using ethnochemistry-based Adobe Flash learning media using indigenous knowledge on scientific literacy. The study used a quasi-experimental method. The research subjects were 68 students who used ethnochemistry-based Adobe Flash learning media using indigenous knowledge on secondary metabolite material. The research is a quantitative study with pretest and posttest design. Data in the study were collected through tests to determine students' scientific literacy skills, including aspects of knowledge and competence in analyzing scientific phenomena, connecting chemical concepts to existing phenomena, and interpreting data or scientific evidence and questionnaires. Supporting data was obtained through a questionnaire to determine learning media users' opinions. The test was conducted with ten multiple-choice questions and a questionnaire with ten statements using a Likert scale of 1-4. The data analysis technique calculates the average score of test questions that have criteria according to scientific literacy and the percentage of user satisfaction. Based on the research results, the average value of 81.50 for scientific literacy skills on the concept of secondary metabolites with an N Gain of 80% is in a good category, and it is also known that the average percentage of user satisfaction is 83%, in a good category. Based on the hypothesis testing using the right-test, it has a t count of 16,160 and a t table of 2,021. The study concludes that applying ethnochemistry-based Adobe Flash learning media on secondary metabolites is effective for students' scientific literacy. Thus, it could be excluded that interactive media can support students' learning and improve scientific literacy.

Background Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. Leukemia is a type of cancer that accounts for 31.5% of all cancers in children under the age of 15 in industrialized countries and 15.7% in developing countries. The inhibition of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a suitable approach for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy as it is overexpressed in AML. Aim and Objective This study intends to explore the natural constituents from the bark of Corypha utan Lamk., and assess their cytotoxicity on murine leukemia cell lines (P388) in addition to predicting their interaction with FLT3 as a studied target by computational methods. Methods Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from Corypha utan Lamk using the stepwise radial chromatography method. These compounds were assessed for their cytotoxicity against Artemia salina using the BSLT and P388 cells and the MTT assay. The docking simulation was employed to predict the possible interaction between triterpenoid and FLT3. Results Isolation from the bark of C. utan Lamk. generated two triterpenoids, cycloartanol (1) and cycloartanone (2). Based on the in vitro and in silico studies, both compounds were found to have anticancer activity. The evaluation of cytotoxicity from this study reveals that cycloartanol (1) and cycloartanone (2) could inhibit P388 cell growth (IC50 value at 102.6 and 110.0 μg/mL, respectively). The binding energy of cycloartanone was -9.94 Kcal/mol with a Ki value of 0.051 μM, while the binding energy and Ki value of cycloartanol (1) were found to be 8.76 Kcal/mol and 0.38 μM, respectively. These compounds also demonstrate a stable interaction by forming hydrogen bonds with FLT3. Conclusion Cycloartanol (1) and cycloartanone (2) exhibit potency as anticancer agents by inhibiting P388 cells in vitro and the FLT3 gene in silico.