Aflatoxin M1 reduction by microorganisms isolated from kefir grains

Abstract

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin that often contaminates milk. Like other mycotoxins, it is thermostable and potentially carcinogenic. The present work was carried out to evaluate the ability of microorganisms isolated from Indonesian kefir grains to reduce AFM1 in contaminated phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Fourteen isolates of lactic acid bacteria, both aerobic (LAE) and anaerobic (LAN), and nine isolates of yeast (YEA) were used. The significantly highest AFM1 reduction percentage was shown by the isolate LAE7 (29.3 ± 0.6%) after 4 h incubation. DNA sequencing of LAE7 and YEA2 isolates showed that these isolates had homology (level of similarity) with species of Lactobacillus kefiri strain A/K and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-12632, respectively. The present work proved that isolates from Indonesian kefir grains could reduce AFM1 and have the potential for practical use.

Microbial Composition of Water Kefir Grains and Their Application for the Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1

“…Based on the substrate that is used, kefir grains are divided into dairy kefir grains (i.e., milk kefir grains) and non-dairy kefir grains (i.e., water kefir grains), which differ based on the characteristics of the grains, the types of grain exopolysaccharide, the microbial community, and the diversity of consumers [ 32 ]. It was reported that milk kefir grains and their microorganisms, such as Kazachstania unisporus , Lactobacillus , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , could remove mycotoxins, such as AFB1, aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin G1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone [ 37 , 38 ]. However, the effects of WKGs on the removal of mycotoxins are little known, although water kefir and/or its extracts exhibit various bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects [ 32 ].…”

“…Recently, studies have demonstrated that water kefir and/or probiotics from WKGs exhibit various health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, antibacterial and antifungal activities, hypocholesterolemic effects, and the capacity to modulate the gut microbiota [ 32 , 34 , 35 ]. However, little is known about the capacity and mechanism of WKGs with regard to removing hazardous chemicals, such as AFB1, although milk kefir grains, which are dairy kefir grains, and isolated strains of kefir grains can absorb and eliminate AFB1, aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin G1, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, patulin, and zearalenone [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of microbiota in WKGs from Lincang in Yunnan Province of China and evaluate the ability of WKGs to remove AFB1, the effects of fermentation conditions on the removal of AFB1 mediated by WKGs, and the mutagenic potential after the removal of AFB1.…”

The Classification of Aflatoxin Contamination Level in Cocoa Beans using Fluorescence Imaging and Deep learning

“…Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin, a secondary metabolite that thrives in uncontrolled processing and storage condition [9]. The contamination needs to be controlled early due to its thermostable nature, which can complicate the removal process from the supply chain [10]. This is necessary because of the recent increase in the market awareness of product quality [11] as well as the existence of strict regulations governing the maximum intake of aflatoxin by international institutions such as the 20 ppb limit imposed by the European Commission [12].…”