Tomato is a seasonal horticultural product that has beneficial effects on human health. It contains a high concentration of lycopene and vitamin C. However, tomato production, which continues to increase in Indonesia, is not balanced with its consumption. Due to its high moisture content, harvested tomato relatively has a short shelf-life. Resultantly, the unconsumed tomato will end up being wasted. One way to prolong tomato’s shelf-life is by converting it into powder form. In this research, the tomato was shifted into tomato powder using a foam mat drying method. The weight ratio of GMS to tomato juice was varied: (1) 4%-w/w, (2) 5%-w/w, and (3) 6%-w/w. Tomato powder was then stored in two types of materials (sealed brown glass bottle and laminated aluminium foil (LAF) resealable zipper) and three conditions (refrigerator ( ± 4 ℃), room temperature (± 25.2 ℃) and sun-exposed (± 30 ℃)). According to the results, foam mat drying could maintain the nutrients of the tomato powder. Increasing GMS larger than 5%-w/w had no big impact on reserving lycopene and vitamin C. At 5%-w/w GMS, tomato powder consisted of 1.09%/w/w moisture, 42.58 mg/100 g lycopene, and 123.28 mg/100 g vitamin C. It was found that moisture and vitamin C on tomato powder content was influenced by storage conditions, while lycopene content was influenced by storage material. Moisture content and vitamin C were best maintained at the sun-exposed condition and room temperature, respectively. While lycopene was best stored in the laminated aluminium foil (LAF) resealable zipper.
Turmeric is perennial herbs that has been used for centuries as natural dye in the Asia. It contains curcumin that generate yellow to orange color. Unfortunately, curcumin is considered as fugitive dyes because its color strength will diminish within times. In order to strengthen the color of curcumin, some additives are added into dye formulation. In this research, turmeric juice was extracted from turmeric without adding any organic solvents. The juice was then mixed with mordant and emulsifier to produce dye solution. Alum and lime juice were used as synthetic and natural mordant, respectively. Tween 80 was used as emulsifier. The polyester was soaked in the dye solution for overnight. The color strength (K/S), the color wash fastness, and the color coordination of the dyed polyester were investigated. The research shows that the ratio of turmeric juice to mordant of 2:1 (without any emulsifiers) gave the best color strength and color fastness.
Proactive strategies are being opted by metallurgical, foundry and manufacturing industries with respect to their experiences working with product designing based on product life cycle assessments. Without the consideration of the potential impacts on the life cycle, the development of new products would barely be sustainable. “Green” composites or bio-composites are fully degradable composites mainly consisting of a blend of biopolymer matrix and natural fibers which act as a reinforcing phase. In this study, natural bio-composite was reviewed as an alternative sustainable product. The types of natural fibers were also described as raw material of natural bio-composite. In addition, development natural fibers nowadays were mentioned. Furthermore, the application of natural fiber reinforced bio-composites was also presented.
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