Candida albicans is a normal flora caused fungal infections and has the ability to form biofilms. The aim of this study was to improve the antifungal effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the light source for reducing the biofilm survival of C. albicans. AgNPs were prepared by silver nitrate (AgNO 3) and trisodium citrate (Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7). To determine the antifungal effect of treatments on C. albicans biofilm, samples were distributed into four groups; L + P+ was treatment with laser irradiation and AgNPs; L + P− was treatment with laser irradiation only; L − P+ was treatment with AgNPs only (control positive); L − P− was no treatment with laser irradiation or AgNPs (control negative). The growth of fungi had been monitored by measuring the optical density at 405 nm with ELISA reader. The particle size of AgNPs was measured by using (particle size analyzer) and the zeta potential of AgNPs was measured by using Malvern zetasizer. The PSA test showed that the particle size of AgNPs was distributed between 7.531-5559.644 nm. The zeta potentials were found lower than − 30 mV with pH of 7, 9 or 11. The reduction percentage was analyzed by ANOVA test. The highest reduction difference was given at a lower level irradiation because irradiation with a density energy of 6.13 ± 0.002 J/cm 2 resulted in the biofilm reduction of 7.07 ± 0.23% for the sample without AgNPs compared to the sample with AgNPs that increased the biofilm reduction of 64.48 ± 0.07%. The irradiation with a 450nm light source had a significant fungicidal effect on C. albicans biofilm. The combination of light source and AgNPs provides an increase of biofilm reduction compared to the light source itself.

Photodynamic inactivation is an effective treatment that uses light irradiation, photosensitizer and oxygen. The aim of this study was to determine photodynamic effectiveness of laser diode combined with ozone to reduce Staphylococcus aureus biofilm using exogenous chlorophyll (Chlo). The chlorophyll was extracted from leave of Dracaena angustifolia. To determine the antibacterial effect of S. aureus biofilm treatments, samples were separated into Chlo, Laser, Chlo+Laser, Ozone, Ozone+Laser, Chlo+Ozone+Laser categories. The data were analyzed using ANOVA test. The result of this study showed that Chlo+Ozone+Laser combine treatment at 20 s exposure of ozone with 4 min of irradiation time lead to 80.26 % reduction of biofilm activity, which was the highest efficacy of all the treatment groups. The combination of laser, chlorophyll and lower ozone concentration increases the effectiveness of photodynamic inactivation.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) LEDs of 392 nm and 628 nm red LEDs for photoinactivation on Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and the photodynamic effectiveness of therapy for wound healing in mice in vivo. The sample used was Staphylococcus aureus bacterial isolate which was infected on mice incision wounds. The LED exposure was carried out at the energy density of 19.44 J/cm2, respectively. In vitro test samples were divided into three groups, namely (P0): control group, (P1): LED treatment group 392 nm, (P2): LED treatment group 628 and (P3): LED combination treatment group 392 and 628 nm. In the in vivo test, the mice of infectious wound models were divided into 5 namely (M+): positive control group, (M-): negative control group, (M1): LED treatment group 392 nm, (M2): LED treatment group 628 and (M3): LED combination treatment group 392 and 628 nm. The results of in vitro studies showed an increase in the photoinactivation effect on LED exposure, with the effectiveness of inactivation on the LED 392 nm at 67.10%. The effect of photoinactivation of bacteria on wounds in vivo due to photodynamic therapy in the red LED exposure group was 88%, blue LED exposure group was 94%, exposure combination group of red and blue LEDs was 95%. So, the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy LEDs are effective for bacterial inactivation and accelerate wound healing in mice.

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