No abstract

Relay technology is one of the techniques proposed to enhance the capacity of Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) networks. In an LTE-A relay network, each serving relay node has to store packets for its mobile users and forward the remaining packets to another node during handover. However, increasing the number of forwarded packets will result in the degradation of the users throughput. Flow control and prebuffering schemes are the two main schemes proposed to reduce the number of forwarded packets in LTE-A relay networks. Existing studies assumes the two schemes are independently operated. However, ignoring the effect of buffer overflow at the pre-buffering queue in a flow control scheme may result in ineffective operation. This paper presents a pre-bufferingaware flow control scheme (PFCS) for an LTE-A relay network that jointly considers the effects of both flow control and prebuffering schemes. The proposed PFCS can significantly improve user's throughput by preventing both buffer overflow and buffer underflow of the local queue at the serving relay node and minimizing the number of forwarded packets. Simulation results show that the PFCS can provide a better throughput than the traditional flow control schemes because the effect of the prebuffering scheme can minimize the number of forwarded packets.

Studies on ambient PM2.5 exposure and AURI and ALRI in regions such as South and South-East Asia, where levels of PM2.5 are among the highest, are limited. We assessed the associations between ambient PM2.5 exposure and AURI and ALRI in children under the age of 5 years from South and Southeast Asia. We identified subjects from the demographic health survey (DHS). We retrieved PM2.5 information from the Atmospheric Compositional Analysis Group. Annual mean levels of PM2.5 ranged from 21.3 to 73.2 μg/m3. We performed the meta-analytical approach to obtain the pooled results. Our initial results show an association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and AURI (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.11) but not ALRI (OR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.98-1.09). However, after controlling for indoor SHS, effect estimates became stronger for AURI and ALRI (OR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04-1.54 and OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.00-1.44) compared to the uncontrolled group. Our study shows an association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and the prevalence of AURI and ALRI in children under the age of 5 years from South and Southeast Asia. Promoting awareness of air pollution in line with the implementation and monitoring of relevant policies is crucial in establishing clean air and health.

An energy audit is needed to find out energy saving opportunities (PHE) so that it will reduce the amount of electricity bills at the Denpasar Art Center which is used as a cultural performance center in Bali. A more specific location in this research is the Ksirarnawa Art Center Denpasar Building in the lighting section. The energy audit in this study is combined with an IoT-based electrical energy monitoring tool so that electricity usage can be monitored in real time. This IoT-based electrical energy monitoring uses Arduino Nano as a data processor as well as sending data to a site service called Thingspeak to record and display data from sensors. The sensors used are the ZMPT101B voltage sensor and the YHDC SCT 013-000 current sensor which are integrated with the NodeMCU as a module to connect to a wireless network. The results of the energy audit at the Denpasar Art Center got a potential Energy Saving Opportunity (PHE) of 33.6% with suggestions to related parties being to replace lamps using LEDs and to regularly set on/off times.