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The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) measures outdoor temperature and ground surface temperature at 95 observation points, but monthly ground temperatures by depth, which are important for using geothermal heat, are only provided for nine points. Since the ground temperature is known in the vicinity of only nine observation points, it is very difficult to predict underground temperature in the field. This study develops a simplified regression equation for predicting underground temperature distributions, compares the prediction results with the experimental data of Korea’s representative areas and the data measured in this study, and examines the validity of the developed regression equation. The regression equation for predicting temperature amplitudes at ground depths of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 m was derived using the amplitude ratio of outdoor temperature and surface temperature provided by KMA at nine points in Korea from 2006 to 2015. The coefficient of determination was as high as 0.93 (95% confidence level). In addition, the field-measured ground temperature distribution at a depth of 3 m was in good agreement with the predicted ground temperature distribution in Changwon districts for the whole of 2017.

A module for ice-based thermal energy storage (TES) systems has been developed and integrated within EnergyPlus. The TES module uses building load and system thermodynamics (BLAST) models for two direct ice systems (ice-on-coil external melt and ice harvester) and one indirect ice system (ice-on-coil internal melt). The TES systems are integrated as part of the EnergyPlus cooling plant components and are able to operate for any charge/discharge rates provided as input data. In this paper, the structure of the TES module as implemented in EnergyPlus is described. In addition, typical input-output variables from the added TES module are illustrated. Moreover, the operation of the TES systems is discussed for various conventional control strategies.