Abstract-In this paper we propose a distributed recharging rate control algorithm which combines the objectives of regulating frequency and improving the utilization of electric generators. An incentive policy κ is created that encourages Electric Vehicles (EVs) to demand energy when non-EV demand is low and the electric generators are underutilized. EVs also act as frequency regulators which can control their participation role by modifying their respective payment rate wi. The proposed distributed recharging rate control algorithm can realize a Demand Management solution for EVs and does not require explicit real time communication from the electric generators or between the recharging sockets. A mechanism is presented that can trade off an ideal incentive policy with its approximation, and enable the integration of the proposed controller with legacy protection system. Simulation is used to assess the algorithm and to highlight its embedded characteristics.

In this paper, a novel approach for recharging electric vehicles (EVs) is proposed based on managing multiple discrete units of electric power flow, named energy demand particles (EDPs). Key similarities between EDPs and fluid particles (FPs) are established that allow the use of a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method for scheduling the recharging times of EVs. It is shown, via simulation, that the scheduling procedure not only minimizes the variance of voltage drops in the secondary circuits, but it also can be used to implement a dynamic demand response and frequency control mechanism. The performance of the proposed scheduling procedure is also compared with alternative approaches recently published in the literature.

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