Intellectual property (IP) core reuse is essential for the design process of system-on-chip (SoC). Network-onchip (NoC) has been used as an independent IP core during SoC design. However, the NoC has not been protected via IP protection and paid attention on its innovations. This paper proposes the first known approach to protect the authorship and the usage legitimacy of NoCs using specially designed routing, square spiral routing. The special routing algorithm exploits routing redundancy inherent in the mesh NoCs and transports packets along the paths, which have very low probability to be taken under commonly used routing algorithms. These unique and diverse paths are exploited in this paper to embed information of the author and identify the legal buyer of NoCs, showing high robustness and credibility. The hardware implementation of an IP-protected mesh NoC shows that the area overhead is small, which is ∼0.74%, and the power overhead is ∼0.52%, while the functionality and performance of the network is not affected. In this paper, the approach is presented for the mesh NoC, but the idea is equally applicable to other NoC topologies where the unique and diverse paths also inherently exist.Index Terms-Digital watermarks, intellectual property (IP) protection, network-on-chip (NoC), routing algorithm.

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Lipoxygenase catalyzes the dioxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids, which represents a sustainable pathway for producing bioderived fine chemicals. Herein, structure-guided engineering of the oxygen tunnel of a well-expressed 13-(S)-lipoxygenase from cyanobacteria was performed, resulting in a mutant A324G/S392G which showed 3 to 5-fold increases in activity toward a panel of unsaturated fatty acids. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the molecular basis for A324 and S392 as activity determining residues in the oxygen tunnel. The practicability of the mutant was demonstrated by the biosynthesis of hydroperoxy fatty acid 13S-HPOD with a high space time yield (STY) of 2.28 kg L–1 d–1. Our results also demonstrate a good example for engineering biocatalysts that require gaseous molecules as cosubstrate.

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