Vegetation phenology has been viewed as the nature's calendar and an integrative indicator of plant-climate interactions. The correct representation of vegetation phenology is important for models to accurately simulate the exchange of carbon, water, and energy between the vegetated land surface and the atmosphere. Remote sensing has advanced the monitoring of vegetation phenology by providing spatially and temporally continuous data that together with conventional ground observations offers a unique contribution to our knowledge about the environmental impact on ecosystems as well as the ecological adaptations and feedback to global climate change. Land surface phenology (LSP) is defined as the use of satellites to monitor seasonal dynamics in vegetated land surfaces and to estimate phenological transition dates. LSP, as an interdisciplinary subject among remote sensing, ecology, and biometeorology, has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Recent advances in sensor technologies, as well as data fusion techniques, have enabled novel phenology retrieval algorithms that refine phenology details at even higher spatiotemporal resolutions, providing new insights into ecosystem dynamics. As such, here we summarize the recent advances in LSP and the associated opportunities for science applications. We focus on the remaining challenges, promising techniques, and emerging topics that together we believe will truly form the very frontier of the global LSP research field.

Relatively little research has assessed the impact of spectral differences among dorsiventral leaves caused by leaf structure on leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) retrieval. Based on reflectance measured from peanut adaxial and abaxial leaves and LCC measurements, this study proposed a dorsiventral leaf adjusted ratio index (DLARI) to adjust dorsiventral leaf structure and improve LCC retrieval accuracy. Moreover, the modified Datt (MDATT) index, which was insensitive to leaves structure, was optimized for peanut plants. All possible wavelength combinations for the DLARI and MDATT formulae were evaluated. When reflectance from both sides were considered, the optimal combination for the MDATT formula was ( R 723 − R 738 ) / ( R 723 − R 722 ) with a cross-validation R2cv of 0.91 and RMSEcv of 3.53 μg/cm2. The DLARI formula provided the best performing indices, which were ( R 735 − R 753 ) / ( R 715 − R 819 ) for estimating LCC from the adaxial surface (R2cv = 0.96, RMSEcv = 2.37 μg/cm2) and ( R 732 − R 754 ) / ( R 724 − R 773 ) for estimating LCC from reflectance of both sides (R2cv = 0.94, RMSEcv = 2.81 μg/cm2). A comparison with published vegetation indices demonstrated that the published indices yielded reliable estimates of LCC from the adaxial surface but performed worse than DLARIs when both leaf sides were considered. This paper concludes that the DLARI is the most promising approach to estimate peanut LCC.

Disentangling drought impacts on plant photosynthesis is crucial for projecting future terrestrial carbon dynamics. We examined the separate responses of canopy structure and leaf physiology to an extreme summer drought that occurred in 2011 over Southwest China, where the weather was humid and radiation was the main growth-limiting factor. Canopy structure and leaf physiology were, respectively, represented by near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) derived from MODIS data and leaf scale fluorescence yield (Φf) derived from both Continuous SIF (CSIF) and global OCO-2 SIF (GOSIF). We detected contrasting responses of canopy structure and leaf physiology to drought with a 14.0% increase in NIRv, compared with 12.6 or 19.3% decreases in Φf from CSIF and GOSIF, respectively. The increase in structure resulted in a slight carbon change, due to water deficit-induced physiological constraints. The net ecosystem effect was a 7.5% (CSIF), 1.2% (GOSIF) and -2.96% (EC-LUE GPP) change in photosynthesis. Our study improves understanding of complex vegetation responses of plant photosynthesis to drought and may contribute to the reconciliation of contrasting observed directions in plant responses to drought in cloudy regions via remote sensing.

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