Background: Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common acute complication seen in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1. It is avoidable by following a good management plan. The risk factors that have been previously identified for DKA are female gender, age, illiteracy, low socio-economic status, infection, poor metabolism, psychological issues, and poor compliance with the treatment. Objective: The present study aims at the determination of age, gender, socio-economic status, DKA at the time of initial diagnosis of DM type 1, parental education regarding the disease, psychological issues, infection, metabolic control, and poor compliance with insulin treatment as the predictive factors of DKA occurrence. Study design: A retrospective cohort study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at GMMC Teaching Hospital Sukkur from November 2021 to November 2022 Methodology: The present study was conducted by using the medical records of patients with DM type 1. The mean age of the patients was 18.2±5.31 with a range of 0-21 years. The data were assessed for the predictive factors of DKA. The dependent variable in the study was DKA occurrence. The independent variables were, compliance with the treatment with insulin, DM type 1, age, infection, psychological issues, metabolic control, parental education, socio-economic status, and diagnosis of DM type 1 on a DKA attack. Logistic regression analysis was done the determination the factors that seemed to increase the incidence of DKA. Results: A total of 42 patients with DM type 1 were included in the study. The incidence of DKA was 27 (64.29%) and 4 (9.52%) of these patients died. Multivariate analysis showed that infection and diagnosis of DM type 1 at the time of DKA were the most significant predictive factors for DKA. Conclusion: Diagnosis of DM type 1 at the time of DKA and infection are the most important factors for increasing the incidence of DKA. Keywords: Diabetic ketoacidosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, infection, predictive factors

Objective: To determine the frequency of anemia and iron deficiency anemia in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad from May to November 2019 Methodology: We included a total of 140 patients with anemia, either inpatients or outpatients at Liaquat University Hospital in Hyderabad's department of medicine. We acquired demographic information, such as name, gender, and age. The study involved everyone who meets the inclusion requirement. Anemia's brief history, its duration, the colour of the stools (melena black faeces), and the ferritin level were all noted. The cubital vein of either upper arm was used to collect 10 ml of blood, which was then sent to the lab for analysis of anaemia, ID, and H. Pylori detection. A multiparameter cell counter Sysmex k 1000 hematology analyzer was used to determine the amounts of haemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in the CBC (Tao electronics, Japan). Serum iron levels were evaluated using a Hitachi 917 biochemistry automated analyzer, and ferritin concentrations were determined using a Cobas e411 hormones auto-analyzer from Roche Diagnostics GmbH in Mannheim, Germany (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The researcher himself entered all the data on a proforma that had been previously created. Results: Patients' average ages ranged from 40.44± 14.268 years, and their haemoglobin levels were 8.77 ± 3.14. Patients' serum ferritin levels were 10.5 ±63.21 and their BMI was 24.5 ±3.21 respectively. Of the H. pylori patients, there were 70 (50%) anaemic patients and 70 (50%) with normal Hb levels. In this study, 102 individuals (72.9%) had normal serum profiles while 38 patients (27.1%) had iron deficiency anemia. Conclusion: According to our research, treating H. pylori infection may help IDA patients who are infected with the parasite especially those who have moderate to severe anaemia. Individuals with H. pylori infection had a significant prevalence of anaemia and IDA, and both conditions were linked to patients' ages and several behavioural traits Keywords: H. pylori infection, anemia, iron deficiency anemia

Objective: This review aimed to find the racism and its effect on occurrence of dementia and treatment of dementia patients. It was observed that Asian and black American brain ages faster than the other races. Recent findings: The incidence of dementia or the ageing of brain was compared in different studies it was found that the black Americans and non-Hispanic white population had more cases of dementia as compared to white Americans. 2000 US consensus was taken as a standard and age adjusted incidence rate was calculated in different studies. In the general population the prevalence of dementia is higher among African American but lower among the Japanese American. The most recent studies of racial and ethnic difference in dementia incidence were limited to specific geographical areas. The well-known dementia is Traumatic brain injury (TBI), including mild TBI. The females veterans over 55 are particularly rise sharply in coming years. The ageing and dementia research community has identified different risk factors. The medical, lifestyle factors and genetic factors affect the dementia risk. The study discovered that blacks were 65 percent more likely than white Americans to develop dementia. The demographic factors like medical comorbidities, and psychiatric conditions are also have impact on dementia incidence. Summary: The study showed that the ageing of brain takes place early in case of non-white population as compared to white. The cases of dementia and the mortality rate of the patients are higher in case of non-white/black American. There is need to identify the factors that lead to this geographical distribution of disease. Keywords: dementia and Asian American adults.