The comparison of emission intensities of unknown samples to either that of standard solutions, the alkali and alkaline earth metals. Flame photometer has both quantitative and qualitative applications. Flame photometer with monochromators emits radiations of characteristic wavelengths which help to detect the presence of a particular metal in the sample. This help to determine the availability of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Simple direct analysis procedure calcium, magnesium, in test solution flow injection analysis using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy or flame photometry designed using a well-mixed dilution chamber to increase calibration range. Analysis results real samples correspond to those found in the flame batch atomic procedure. Using the dilution chamber allows possibility of calibration using a dilution profile a single concentrate standard for each element and an empirical dilution equation that can be used to all elements are defined in each sample.

This experiment was carried out to extract the eugenol from cloves in the part A, also to prepare the eugenol benzoate in part B. The experiment conducted, extraction of the essential oil eugenol from cloves. To perform this experiment cloves and water were mixed together and heated by a heating mantle in a round-bottom flask. A direct stem distillation took place, and the oil product was out aside for two weeks. After two weeks, the extraction of the eugenol and the preparation of eugenol benzoate actually took place. Next the light yellow eugenol from part A was characterized by the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate and 1H NMR analysis; however, eugenol benzoate from part B also was characterized by 1H NMR and Melting Point analysis. The products were analysed to check the purity, and to make sure there are no impurities. The experiment involved the use of techniques, such as steam distillation, gravity filtration, vacuum filtration to collect the product, recrystallization to purify the product, and the weigh to weight out the products.

The Nickel (II) ion forms many stable complexes as predicted by the Irving Williams series. This experiment is about preparation and stereochemistry of nickel phosphine complexes. The nickel phosphine complexes, which were prepared are NiBr2(PPh3)2 and NiBr2(PCy3)2. The first part of the experiment is to prepare the nickel complexes. After preparing nickel phosphine complexes NiBr2 (PPh3)2 and NiBr2 (PCy3)2, the complexes have been analyzed for structural determination. The complexes were analyzed by the Magnetic Moments of solids-The Johnson Matthey Balance, UV-visible (electronic spectra), Infrared spectra (normal range) and Far-infrared spectra (which were supplied in the practical booklet).

With the advent of methods that effectively solve the problems of modeling metal ions in the gas, water, and solid phases, computational tools are becoming increasingly important in chemical research. here we consider both quantum and classical strategies for modeling systems containing metal ions that have been developed over the past few decades. This experiment was performed to study solutions of copper (II) and Nickel (II) complexes containing the following ligands, such as ammonia, diene, ene, and water in molar ratios, and to characterize the visible spectrum of the prepared solutions. The research was divided into three parts. In the first part, Nickel complexes were prepared and their formulas were determined using the job method. The second part of the experiment was performed to obtain EN-complexes of copper (II), and in the last part diene complexes were obtained. Dien and en were used as ligands.

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