Fresh water and affordable energy are two of the most valuable resources on the planet for sustaining economic growth and development. As the demand for oil and gas continues to increase, the fresh water consumption rate by exploration and production (E&P) activities is skyrocketing. Competition for fresh water is threatening to become an industry-limiting factor in some oil and gas plays. To ensure that the fresh water needed by the oil and gas industry is available in the future, better water resource management practices must be developed and implemented.Currently, the drilling, completion, and stimulation of each horizontal shale well consumes up to 10 million gallons (gal) of fresh water, roughly equal to daily indoor water usage of 125,000 people [U.S. Department of the Interior March 2010]. Once fresh water becomes oilfield waste, the water is typically disposed of into reservoirs below the fresh water table, permanently removing it from the fresh water cycle. Reusing the water is desirable but often presents technical problems with water quality, water management logistics, and cost.To help address these problems, a Forward Osmosis (FO) water reclamation process has been adapted for the oil and gas industry. The first generation of the process reclaims drilling waste water by converting it into high quality base fluid for hydraulic fracturing. In contrast to other water treatment systems, like reverse osmosis and evaporation, FO is a unique nano-filtration technology that harnesses the potential energy in a brine water solution as the drive mechanism, thus making the technology extremely "green" and cost competitive. Unlike conventional filtration to remove solids, the FO membrane rejects all solids and virtually all solutes from the reclaimed water, thus yielding a nano-pure water that will not react adversely with fracturing chemicals or the reservoir.The results of laboratory and field testing from early commercial jobs show that FO is a viable technology for the reclamation of drilling waste for beneficial reuse as a high quality completion fluid. The results also show that FO can help significantly reduce both the carbon footprint and water footprint of the oil and gas industry.

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Results obtained by the modified Parr method were all well within A. S. T. M. tolerances for duplicates in the same laboratory. With the exception of results on one sample (5), the checks between the two laboratories were within A. S. T. M. tolerances.The determination of ash by Method D gives duplicates checking within the 0.3 per cent tolerance for all samples.The adequate removal of sulfur trioxide from the furnace during ashing is important.As compared to results obtained by the modified Parr procedure, Methods A and E gave results within the A. S. T. M.0.3 per cent tolerance for samples containing up to 0.6 per cent of carbon dioxide; Method B for coals up to 3.6 per cent of carbon dioxide; Method F for coals up to 4.2 per cent of carbon dioxide (with one exception); and Method D for coals containing up to 3.6 per cent of carbon dioxide.Sulfur trioxide-free ash values were similar for all methods.The slow heating method starting with a cold furnace appears to be satisfactory for determining ash in commercial samples of coal containing unusually large amounts of calcite and pyrite. ConclusionsMethods A and E are not recommended for determining ash in coals high in calcite and pyrite, because too much sulfur is retained in the ashes.Methods B, D, and F give most consistent results, with Method D apparently giving the best results of the three.Methods C and G appear to give good results, especially for coals high in calcite and pyrite where other procedures studied are not so satisfactory. This procedure requires more

INTHE manufacture of beet sugar, the extracted, defecated, and concentrated beet juices are normally subjected to three vacuum pan crystallizations. The third crystallization is carried out with difficulty, the rates of crystallization being greatly retarded as a result of the high concentration of nonsugars. These rates are so low that it is not practical to carry crystallization to completion in the vacuum pans. After pan boiling, common practice is to cool the fillmass (mass of crystals and mother liquor) in waterjacketed crystallizers. Crystallization for several days is frequently involved in the usual type of crystallizer, and the use of crystallizers employing more rapid cooling has become common in recent years. Most of them have cooling surfaces inside, and are typified by the Blanchard, Lafeuille, and Werkspoor apparatus. Two Werkspoor crystallizers are used at the Woodland factory. The Woodland factory includes a Steffen unit.In the newer types the rate of fillmass cooling is capable of control, and data on effective rates of crystallization in crystallizer fillmass are desirable to determine optimum timetemperature curves.Considerable work has been published on rates of crystallization of sucrose, but the great bulk has dealt with solutions of pure sucrose.