Определение коэффициентов трения стеблей льна по характеристикам шероховатостиВиктор Григорьевич Черников 1 , доктор технических наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, главный научный сотрудник, vniiml1@mail.ru; Роман Анатольевич Ростовцев 1 , доктор технических наук, профессор Российской академии наук, директор; Роман Андреевич Попов 2 , кандидат технических наук; Владислав Юрьевич Романенко 1 , кандидат технических наук; Андрей Анатольевич Ростовцев 1 , инженер 1 Федеральный научный центр лубяных культур, г. Тверь, Российская Федерация; 2 Министерство сельского хозяйства Тверской области, г. Тверь, Российская Федерация Реферат. При уборке льна-долгунца его стебли контактируют с рабочими органами льноуборочных машин. Выявили, что многообразие материалов для изготовления рабочих органов вызвало необходимость рассчитать коэффициенты трения при взаимодействии стеблей с этими материалами, так как сделать это опытным путем не всегда представляется возможным. Подтвердили возможность вычисления коэффициентов трения в комлевой, средней и верхушечной частях стебля. (Цель исследования) Рассчитать коэффициенты трения стеблей льна-долгунца по заданным характеристикам микрогеометрии их поверхности. (Материалы и методы) Исследования проводили на стандартном приборе профилограф-профилометр завода «Калибр», модель 201. В качестве исследуемого материала использовали лен-долгунец сорта Могилевский 2 в фазе бурой спелости, (влажность -43,79 процента, общая длина стеблей -78,9 сантиметра, урожайность льносоломы -3,575 тонны с гектара). Растения льна-долгунца вытеребливали вручную на опытном поле в период уборки. В ходе подготовки опытных образцов стебель льна делили на три части -комлевую, среднюю и верхушечную. Каждую из частей стебля разделяли на две половины вдоль оси, затем одну из половин разворачивали и наклеивали на твердое основание (стальную пластину). Профилограммы частей стеблей льна обрабатывали по известным методикам. (Результаты и обсуждение) Получили коэффициенты трения стеблей разной влажности при их перемещении по стальной поверхности. Установили, что расчетные значения коэффициентов трения несколько превышают показатели, полученные в результате опыта. (Выводы) Установили, что с повышением влажности стеблей льна возрастает молекулярная составляющая коэффициента трения. Определили, что при влажности стеблей 20-45 процентов коэффициент трения колеблется в пределах от 0,38 до 0,98 процента. Ключевые слова: льноуборочные машины, материалы рабочих органов, коэффициент трения стеблей льна, профилограмма.

Strategic plans for the economic development of the Russian Federation involve an increase in demand for natural fiber products, including linen, which will require an increase in the production of domestic linen in the near future. The authors examined the most important problems of scientific support for production increasing and the quality of flax products improving in the Russian Federation.(Research purpose) To assess the flax growing state and identify the problems of scientific support for improving the flax production quality.(Materials and methods) The authors studied the organizational aspects of fl ax cultivation and processing, new ways of harvesting crops, issues of technological processes mechanization and the state of farms’ technical equipment.(Results and discussion) The authors showed that the share of flax use in industrialized countries reached 24 percent in the textiles, paper, and composite materials production. They found out that the mechanization level at the flax mills did not exceed 40 percent. They presented a comparative analysis of the intensification level of Western European and domestic flax growing. They confirmed that separate cleaning technology could be applied on average at 25-30 percent of the harvested area, depending on weather conditions. It was determined that approximately 90 percent of treated plant fibres were received using a dewy lobe in Russia and abroad. The authors developed a new method of cleaning flax and a multifunctional unit for its implementation. During the experiments, they established a 50 percent increase in the productivity of new technical equipment, a 60 percent reduction in the heap content, and a 3-fold reduction in seed losses compared to harvesting with the LK-4A flax harvester. They showed the advantages of the method of the tape wrapping on linen, which created equal conditions for aging for the upper and lower layers, which was especially effective when the straw yield was more than 3.5 tons per hectare. Wrapping helped to increase the uniformity of straw in color in the upper and lower layers of the tape and increased the quality and quantity of flax seeds.(Conclusions) It was established that in order to increase the flax growing efficiency, a comprehensive modernization was necessary, which involved the solution of organizational, agronomic, technological and engineering issues.

The technology of flax harvesting  depends  on input impacts, including: flax harvester qualitative characteristics; working body parameters; indicators of working conditions; intervening variables reflecting the dynamic properties of the working bodies and the dynamics of the flax flow input. (Research purpose) To establish patterns and the degree of correlation between the qualitative operation indicators (pulling and deseeding quality, flax line stretching); design parameters; machine dynamic properties and harvesting conditions (height and density of flax stem, field surface, thickness and unevenness of flax straw, etc.). (Materials and methods) Based on system analysis, mathematical models of the technological process of flax harvesting were developed. Information models were introduced for examining the main flax harvesters. (Results and discussion) The paper shows that the most typical indicators of the flax harvester working conditions are the flax stem height l(t), centimeters; the seed pod area a(t), centimeters; and field surface roughness z(t), centimeters. It is found that the quality of operation is determined by the deseeding quality, percentages; the flax straw stretching, times; the location of its apical and root parts, centimeters. The estimated indicators are as follows: the pulling height h(t), centimeters, the vibrations of the combine in the longitudinal-vertical plane Q(t), degrees, the location of the apical part of the flax flaw in front of the stripper. (Conclusions) A hydraulic device was developed to adjust the pulling height from 10 to 40 centimeters, depending on the flax stem. An important reserve for increasing the deseeding quality is the change in the width of the deseeding zone of the Vk harvester, centimeters. For this purpose, a mechanism was created for moving the deseeder against the clamping conveyor, depending on the flax stem height l(t), centimeters.

The formation of fiber flax yield and quality parameters depends on many soil-climatic, breedinggenetic, as well as anthropogenic factors. The quality of flax fiber is a combination of a number of features and properties that depend on the varietal characteristics of plants, the conditions of their cultivation, technologies for harvesting and straw retting, as well as on the processing modes of raw materials. During plant vegetation (90-130 days) many factors such as soil conditions (pH 4.8-5.5, humus 1.8-2.5%, P2O5 and K2O – 150-200 and 100-200 mg/kg, respectively) and the area of plant nutrition (15-30 million seeds/ha), temperature regime (the sum of active temperatures 1000-1800ºC), water supplying (400-430 units of water mass to create 1 unit of dry matter) and insolation (the arrival of FAR during the growing season 20-25 kcal / cm²), contamination of weeds (more than 60 annual and perennial species) and pests (more than 200 types of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases), features of phytosanitary measures (more than 50 chemicals) and agrotechnologic manners (Federal Register of technologies for the production of crop products) have a great influence on the quality of flax raw materials and can be a limit factor. Environmentally hazardous pollution of air, water and soil - the main components for the production of fiber flax – strongly affects the yield and quality of flax products. The development of waste-free environmentally friendly technologies for the cultivation, harvesting and processing of flax is an urgent task of scientific support of the industry. The main environmental factors affecting the yield and quality of fiber flax are discussed in the article.

The object of the research is the module of the Informational and Analytical Crop Management System with differentiated fertilization. The aim of the research was to study the features of the implementation of the functionality of the Information and Analytical Crop Management System (IACMS) with differentiated fertilization. The key element of using the capabilities of the Information and Analytical Crop Management System for is the digitization of fields and the creation of their electronic maps. Differentiated fertilization was carried out in accordance with electronic maps compiled during the agrochemical survey. Digital maps of the fields were entered into the on-board computer of the tractor, equipped with additional devices for the implementation of the differential fertilization mechanism. In accordance with the main goal of the research, the tasks of checking the automated calculation of fertilizer application rates were solved for fiber-flax on the field belonged to Federal State Budget Research Institution «Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops», preparation of a task-map for differential fertilization in CSV-format files and containing the number of the elementary plot and the value of the applied fertilizers, compatibility of the task-map of differentiated fertilization with the equipment of LLC “Center of Precision Agriculture «Aerosoyuz» (LLC «CPA «Aerosoyuz»»), aggregation of equipment with Russian technologies, the interaction of the working bodies of equipment for applying fertilizers with (IACMS), the possibility of controlled passage of the equipment, differentiated fertilization in compliance with the norms of task-maps.