The objective was to evaluate the sustainability of lemon farms (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in Santa Elena, Ecuador. Surveys were applied to a sample of 83 lemon producers from this province, with structured questions about economic, ecological and socio-cultural dimensions. The sustainability was determined with techniques of multicriteria analysis to calculate the Economic Indicator (IK), Ecological Indicator (IE) and Socio-Cultural Indicator (ISC), to estimate the General Sustainability Indicator (IS Gen) of each farm. The 25.3% of the farms had an IK> 2; 60.24% an IE> 2 and 55.4% an ISC> 2. The 74.7% of the farms had an IS Gen <2, which indicates that the farms are not sustainable.
The effects of gamma radiation on the germination, survival, and morphological damage in characteristics of the M1 generation of coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. typica) plants was evaluated using seeds collected from Santa Teresa and Chaupimayo, Peru. Under net house, the percentage of germination was 68%, 35%, 10%, and 0% for the Santa Teresa seeds and 75%, 49%, 17% and 0% for the Chaupimayo seeds with irradiation treatments of 0, 50, 100 and 150 Gy, respectively, whereas under laboratory conditions, germination levels were between 70% and 94% across all treatments. The survival rate also decreased with increasing radiation levels, with values of 45%, 32%, 28%, and 10% in the laboratory and 29%, 9%, 6%, and 0% in the net house for the Santa Teresa seeds and 58%, 45%, 38%, and 8% in the laboratory and 42%, 15%, 7%, and 0% in the net house for the Chaupimayo seeds with irradiation treatments of 0, 50, 100, and 150 Gy, respectively. Morphological changes were observed in the plants that survived irradiation at a dose of 100 Gy in terms of the leaf shape, leaf apex shape, young leaf color, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, and distance from the cotyledon to the first node. ResumenSe evaluó los efectos de la radiación gamma sobre la germinación, la supervivencia y características morfológico de plantas de café de generación M1 (Coffea arabica L. var. typica), utilizando semillas colectadas de Santa Teresa y Chaupimayo, Perú. En casa malla, el porcentaje de germinación fue del 68%, 35%, 10% y 0% para las semillas de Santa Teresa y 75%, 49%, 17% y 0% para las semillas de Chaupimayo con tratamientos de irradiación de 0, 50, 100 y 150 Gy, respectivamente, mientras que en condiciones de laboratorio, los niveles de germinación fueron entre 70% y 94% en todos los tratamientos. El porcentaje de supervivencia también disminuyó con el aumento de los niveles de radiación, con valores de 45%, 32%, 28% y 10% en el laboratorio y 29%, 9%, 6% y 0% en la casa malla para las semillas de Santa Teresa y 58 %, 45%, 38% y 8% en el laboratorio y 42%, 15%, 7% y 0% en la casa malla para las semillas de Chaupimayo con tratamientos de irradiación de 0, 50, 100 y 150 Gy, respectivamente. Se observaron cambios morfológicos en las plantas que sobrevivieron a la irradiación a una dosis de 100 Gy en características como forma y ápice de la hoja, color de la hoja joven, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas por planta, longitud de la hoja, ancho de la hoja y distancia del cotiledón al primer nudo.
This work was carried out with the objective to determine the sustainability of cocoa farms in the district of Huicungo (San Martín, Perú) by using the "Rapid Agroecological Method". The study was conducted in the San Martín region, province of Mariscal Cáceres, district of Huicungo. The zone has an annual precipitation of 1, 200 mm and an annual temperature of 30ºC. For the sustainability analysis, we selected "type farms" from each of the three groups found in the area. In each of these, indicators of soil quality and crop health were evaluated using values ranging from 1 to 10 (1: less sustainable, 10: more sustainable). With the collected data, Duncan Test (p ≤ 0.05) was performed to determine the statistical differences between the "type farms". Results showed the evaluated cacao farms had values greater than five, therefore, they are sustainable. There were no statistical differences between the three "type farms" studied here.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar diferentes métodos de control de enfermedades de la mazorca de Theobroma cacao 'CCN-51' en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Los tratamientos fueron una mezcla de dos pesticidas químicos (Clorotalonil y Pyraclostrobin) y uno biológico (Bacillus subtilis) con y sin fertilizante. En total se evaluaron 16 tratamientos con 3 repeticiones, instalados en una plantación comercial de cacao 'CCN-51' y bajo un Diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA). Los resultados mostraron que el uso de fungicidas (químicos y biológicos), disminuyó la incidencia de la "moniliasis" (Moniliophthora roreri), "mancha parda" (Phytophthora spp.) y "cherelle wilt"; pero la aplicación de fertilizantes no aumentó la efectividad de estos productos. El tratamiento solo con labores culturales, no disminuyó la incidencia final de la "moniliasis", tampoco de la "pudrición parda"; en cambio aumentó la incidencia final del "cherelle wilt". El número de mazorcas y el rendimiento no estuvieron directamente relacionados y el mayor rendimiento de cacao fermentado y seco, correspondió al T2 [Labores Culturales + Clorotalonil (1 kg.ha-1) (c/15 días) + Pyraclostrobin (0,5 kg ha-1) (c/90 días) + Fertilizante (0,4 kg.ha-1) + Abono (2 kg/planta)], que también tuvo el mayor ingreso neto/ha.
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