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ABSTRACT:Structural macromolecular parameters of normal and treated (acid & alkali)

Pyrolysis of rice husk (RH), an agricultural by-product, was studied at different temperatures (700-1100 C) in the presence of air. The changes in morphologies, compositions and phase transformations were studied critically by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry, respectively. Different phases of silica obtained from RH were observed with respect to change in temperatures. Crystallite size and the amount of silica obtained from RH at each temperature were worked out using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) plots. Nano-crystalline silica could be revealed (4.87-18.61 nm) from charred RH at different temperatures (700-1100 C). The amount of silica with respect to other carbonaceous volatile matter was calculated from the XRD plot. Acid treatment (1 : 1 HCl) of RH was also done to remove the metallic impurities. A thermal analysis of raw RH was done to study the decomposition and energy changes in it.

Abstract. Microstresses developed in the crystallites of polymeric material due to irradiation of high-energy particle causes peak broadening and shifting of X-ray diffraction lines to lower angle. Neutron irradiation significantly changes the material properties by displacement of lattice atoms and the generation of helium and hydrogen by nuclear transmutation. Another important aspect of neutron irradiation is that the fast neutron can produce dense ionization at deep levels in the materials. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre of raw denier value, 78⋅ ⋅2, were irradiated by fast neutron of energy, 4⋅ ⋅44 MeV, at different fluences ranging from 1 × × 10 9 n/cm 2 to 1 × × 10 12 n/cm 2 . In the present work, the radiation heating microstresses developed in PET micro-crystallites was investigated applying X'Pert-MPD Philips Analytical X-ray diffractometer and the effects of microstresses in tensile strength of fibre measured by Instron have also been reported. The shift of 0⋅ ⋅45 cm -1 in the Raman peak position of 1614⋅ ⋅65 cm -1 to a higher value confirmed the development of microstresses due to neutron irradiation using micro-Raman technique. The defects due to irradiation were observed by SEM micrographs of single fibre for virgin and all irradiated samples.