In the last two decades, it has been observed that there have been remarkable advancements in digital media communication. It has lots of advantages and business potential as it needs no physical media or transport. However, digital media can also create several big problems for media owners due to unauthorized use, ease of replication, plasticity, and equivalence of works in digital form. The possible solution is to secure digital media by cover writing which can also referred as steganography. Therefore, this article focusing on development of hybrid speech steganography system using spread spectrum-based redundant discrete wavelet transform (SS-RDWT). In general, speech steganography utilizes cover speech to embed the secrete message, however, the cover speech might be larger in size and contains many pauses, which requires more storage capacity, higher computational time, and even higher power usage results in system performance degradation. Hence, in addition to the proposed SS-RDWT approach, an intelligent pause detection protocol (IPDP) with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique is employed for removing pause from cover speech signal, which reduces the transmission bandwidth, storage capacity and power consumption as well. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed hybrid steganography using integrated SS-RDWT with IPDP-MLE approach obtained superior performance as compared to state-of-art approaches.

In the last two decades, it has been observed that there have been remarkable advancements in digital media communication. It has lots of advantages and business potential as it needs no physical media or transport. However, digital media can also create several big problems for media owners due to unauthorized use, ease of replication, plasticity, and equivalence of works in digital form. The possible solution is to secure digital media by cover writing which can also referred as steganography. Therefore, this article focusing on development of hybrid speech steganography system using spread spectrum-based redundant discrete wavelet transform (SS- RDWT). In general, speech steganography utilizes cover speech to embed the secrete message, however, the cover speech might be larger in size and contains many pauses, which requires more storage capacity, higher computational time, and even higher power usage results in system performance degradation. Hence, in addition to the proposed SS-RDWT approach, an intelligent pause detection protocol (IPDP) with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) technique is employed for removing pause from cover speech signal, which reduces the transmission bandwidth, storage capacity and power consumption as well. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed hybrid steganography using integrated SS-RDWT with IPDP-MLE approach obtained superior performance as compared to state-of-art approaches.

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Objectives: During COVID-19 pandemic, there were many changes adopted in medical education, most of the syllabus (theory and practical) was taught in online. During this online classes, 1st year MBBS students were the most affected, because they are new to curriculum, difficult to adopt the transition from intermediate to under graduation course, this created lot of pressure in the students. Once the students are back for offline classes, we have conducted internal assessment test after a month of offline classes and the test results were poor. Main objective of this study is to see the relationship between conducting retest and improving the academic performance and to record the student view on retest. Methods: Sample size for the 1st test (n-149) and 2nd test (n-141). We have given Google form with ten questions, out which responses were recorded based on Likert 4 point scale. Results: The repeat exam provided immediate reward for using the initial exam as a study guide. When we compared the results of test and retest, there was great improvement in score. Conclusion: Retest helped to reduce test anxiety and to encourage the learning of course material. It helped the faculty to fill the lacunae to improve the further outcome.