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1. The effects of nitric acidification on phytoplankton were studied in a small, eperimentally manipulated, oligotrophic lake (L302N) in the Eperimental Lakes Area of Canada. The focus was altered after 9 years of acidification to investigate the possibility of using nutrient additions to stimulate recovery, followed by a controlled incremental recovery, in which the pH was increased to a predetermined target level. 2. Five years of additions of HNO3 to L302N reduced its pH from 6.5 to 6.1. Nitrate concentration increased because the algal community was severely P deficient. The phytoplankton community structure and productivity were not significantly affected by these additions. 3. The phytoplankton community was significantly affected when pH was subsequently decreased over three successive years from 6.1 to 5.1 by the addition of HCl. Dominance shifted from chrysophytes to a co‐dominance of chlorophytes and dinoflagellates, which altered the size structure of the community. Species diversity significantly decreased, although phytoplankton productivity remained unchanged. 4. At pH 5.1 nitrate and sulphate additions were made, creating conditions like those in lakes in eastern North America, which receive high loadings of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The phytoplankton assemblage shifted to dominance by small coccoidal chlorophytes. However, biomass and productivity were unaffected. 5. Finally, phosphate, as phosphoric acid, was added, along with nitrate and sulphate, to the epilimnion, which stimulated internal alkalinity generation and productivity. It is concluded that CO2 concentrations and the form of N (nitrate vs. ammonia) affect algal composition but that P determines algal biomass and productivity. Chlorophytes were found to be good competitors for P when N and CO2 were high; it is epected that cyanobacteria would be more competitive for P in low CO2 systems. Conversely, dinoflagellates are most competitive in systems with low pH and high P, such as that which occurred in L302N. Although the P additions reduced N concentrations and created alkalinity, this is not a recommended remedial procedure in acidified lakes because it enhanced dinoflagellate abundance, which has been associated with fish kills. 6. When all additions ceased, the pH of L302N recovered from 5.1 to 5.8, chrysophytes and chlorophytes became more abundant and dinoflagellates decreased in abundance. Phytoplankton biomass decreased and species diversity increased. Phytoplankton productivity remained unchanged