Tropical and plantation crops include important crops for food security and alternative energy resources. Even so, there are few studies on the impact of climate change on diseases of these crops. Findings from previous studies concerning some climate-change effects on diseases of coffee, sugarcane, eucalyptus, cassava, citrus, banana, pineapple, cashew, coconut and papaya have been summarized to provide a context. By reviewing available methods to evaluate the impact of climate change on diseases of tropical and plantation crops, we present trends for some diseases and their management strategies, identify critical gaps in knowledge, and suggest experimental and analytical approaches to advance knowledge. As the projected climate conditions will probably vary greatly in the future from continent to continent and from developed to developing countries, studies must be conducted under tropical regions considering their specific environmental conditions. Multifactor studies under realistic field situations, such as free air CO 2 enrichment with increasing CO 2 and O 3 concentrations incorporating spectral reflectance measures in situ for realistic assessment of plant growth, are a way forward. Effects of a changing climate on chemical and biological controls are discussed in the context of changing global outlook on environmental demands for the future.

Coffee, one of the most heavily globally traded agricultural commodities, has been categorized as a highly sensitive plant species to progressive climatic change. Here, we summarize recent insights on the coffee plant's physiological performance at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ]. We specifically (i) provide new data of crop yields obtained under free-air CO 2 enrichment conditions, (ii) discuss predictions on the future of the coffee crop as based on rising temperature and (iii) emphasize the role of [CO 2 ] as a key player for mitigating harmful effects of supra-optimal temperatures on coffee physiology and bean quality. We conclude that the effects of global warming on the climatic suitability of coffee may be lower than previously assumed. We highlight perspectives and priorities for further Climatic Change (2019) 152:167-178 https://doi.# The Author(s) 2018research to improve our understanding on how the coffee plant will respond to present and progressive climate change.The current rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) is one of the major drivers of global warming and climatic change. Atmospheric [CO 2 ] has increased approximately by 43% from the pre-industrial levels of 280 μL L −1 air in 1750 to current levels exceeding 400 μL L −1 air, and global mean surface temperature has increased by 0.85°C over the same period. Depending on the greenhouse gas emission scenarios, projections indicate that, at the end of this century, atmospheric [CO 2 ] might rise between 421 and 936 μL L −1 air, in parallel with a rise in global temperature between 0.3-1.7°C (best scenario) and 2.6-4.8°C (worst scenario), relative to 1986 (IPCC 2013 IPCC 2014). These long-term changes, coupled with climate variability, such as longer and unpredictable droughts and sometimes excessive rainfall, are expected to threaten the sustainability of agricultural production on a global scale, with consequences on the amount and quality of harvestable crops for the actual production areas (DaMatta et al. 2010).Plants sense and respond directly to rising atmospheric [CO 2 ] through an increase in net photosynthesis rate (A) and, frequently, a decrease in stomatal conductance (g s ), and this is the basis for the CO 2 fertilization effect on crops with corresponding increase in yields (Long et al. 2006;Ainsworth and Rogers 2007). Meta-analyses of free-air CO 2 enhancement (FACE) experiments have reported mean reductions in g s of 22% and increases in light-saturated (A) of 31% across a range of C 3 species for an increase in [CO 2 ] from approximately 366 to 567 μL L −1 air (Ainsworth and Rogers 2007). Increases in A with enhanced [CO 2 ] in the chloroplast of C3 plants are associated with a stimulation of the carboxylation rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), the rate-limiting step in photosynthesis at saturating light and current [CO 2 ] levels, and a concomitant reduction (or even suppression) of its oxygenation function, and thus the rate of photorespiration (Ainsw...

Human activities are altering greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and causing global climate change. In the near future, there will certainly be changes in the Brazilian phytosanitary scenario attributed to global climate change. The impacts of climate change can be positive, negative or neutral, since these changes can decrease, increase or have no impact on diseases, depending on each region or period. These impacts will also be observed on plants and other organisms as well as on other agroecosystem components. However, these impacts are not easily determined, and consequently, specialists from several areas must go beyond their disciplinary boundaries and placing the climate change impacts in a broader context. This review focuses on the discussion of different aspects related to the effects of climate change on plant diseases. On the geographical and temporal distribution of diseases, a historical context is presented and recent studies using data of forecast models of future climate associated with disease simulation models are discussed in order to predict the distribution in future climate scenarios. Predicted future disease scenarios for some crops in Brazil are shown. On the effects of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 and other gases, important aspects are discussed of how diseases change under altered atmospheric gases conditions in the future. The consequences of these changes on the chemical and biological control of plant diseases are also discussed. Key words: CO 2 , global climate change, global warming, spatial analysis, control MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS E DOENÇAS DE PLANTASRESUMO: As atividades antrópicas estão alterando as concentrações de gases de efeito estufa da atmosfera e causando mudanças no clima do planeta. Certamente, num futuro próximo, devido às mudanças climáticas globais, ocorrerão modificações no cenário fitossanitário brasileiro. Os impactos podem ser positivos, negativos ou neutros, pois as mudanças podem diminuir, aumentar ou não ter efeito sobre as doenças, em cada região ou época. Esses impactos também serão observados sobre as plantas e outros organismos, além de outros componentes do agroecossistema. Porém, esses impactos não são facilmente determinados e, desta forma, os especialistas das diferentes áreas precisam ir além de suas disciplinas e abordar os impactos das mudanças climáticas em um contexto mais amplo. Nessa revisão são discutidos os aspectos relacionados com os efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças de plantas. Na distribuição geográfica e temporal das doenças, um contexto histórico é apresentado, incluindo estudos recentes utilizando dados de modelos de previsão do clima futuro associados com modelos de simulação da doença a fim de predizer a distribuição nos cenários climáticos futuros. Também são apresentados os cenários futuros de previsão de doenças de algumas culturas no Brasil. Sobre os efeitos do aumento da concentração de CO 2 atmosférico e outros gases são discutidos importantes aspectos do comportamento das doe...

Despite the importance of coffee as a globally traded commodity and increasing concerns about risks associated with climate change, there is virtually no information about the effects of rising atmospheric [CO 2 ] on field-grown coffee trees. This study shows the results of the first 2 years of an innovative experiment. Two commercial coffee cultivars (Catuaí and Obatã) were grown using the first free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) facility in Latin America (ClimapestFACE). Plants of both cultivars maintained relatively high photosynthetic rates, water-use efficiency, increased growth and yield under elevated [CO 2 ]. Harvestable crop yields increased 14.6 % for Catuaí and 12.0 % for Obatã. Leaf N content was lower in Obatã (5.2 %) grown under elevated [CO 2 ] than under ambient [CO 2 ]; N content was unresponsive to elevated [CO 2 ] in Catuaí. Under elevated [CO 2 ] reduced incidence of leaf miners (Leucoptera coffeella) occurred on both coffee cultivars during periods of high infestation. The percentage of leaves with parasitized and predated mines increased when leaf miner infestation was high, but there was no effect of elevated [CO 2 ] on the incidence of natural enemies. The incidence of rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora coffeicola) was low during the trial, with maximum values of 5.8 and 1 %, respectively, and there Climatic Change was no significant effect of [CO 2 ] treatments on disease incidence. The fungal community associated with mycotoxins was not affected by the treatments.

HighlightIn free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)-grown coffee trees, elevated [CO2] led to sustained increases in photosynthesis, with no change in mesophyll or stomatal conductance and no downregulation of biochemical capacity.