As Black Soldier Fly farming has become an emerging trend in Indonesia there is a new opportunity to take advantage from the waste generated from the activity. One of them is the exuviae, which is resulted from the emergence of the fly and it has a high chitin content. Chitin from BSF exuviae have low Cristalinity Indexes. Hence, it shows a promising potential to be processed to produce a new biopolimer. Therefore, converting chitin from BSF exuviae into chitosan using deacetylation process was studied. The researched variables were temperature and the duration of the process, which were studied at 50, 60, 70, and 80°C for 12 hours and 8, 10, 12, and 14 hours at 60°C, respectively. Chitosan produced in the temperature of 60, 70, and 80°C has met the standard quality, and the best duration of deacetylation process was 8 hours. The solubility test in acetic acid (2%) showed that chitosan solubility was increased with the increase of temperature, while it decreased as the duration of the process becomes longer. Moreover, the degree of deacetylation showed that chitosan was produced with the best quality in 80°C of temperature (75.98%) and 8 hours of deacetylation process (71.12%).   Keywords: chitosan, degrees of deacetylation, exuviae of black soldier fly

HDB disease is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae, an important disease in rice plants. Recently, many organic compounds based antibacterial agents like chitosan are being developed. The potential raw materials for producing chitosan is Black Soldier Fly (BSF) exuviae. At the development, chitosan was formulated with other ingredients such as kipahit leaves (Tithonia diversifolia) extract. This study aimed to synthesize BSFbased chitosan, formulate BSF-based chitosan composites with kipahit leaf extract using 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate and evaluate the antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae. The optimization of kipahit leaves extraction was performed with a solvent varieties (2% acetic acid, 96% ethanol and 20% DMSO). The antibacterial activity assay was performed by the disc diffusion method (0.1; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1% (w/v)). The results showed that the optimum kipahit leaf extract was obtained using 96% ethanol. The kipahit leaf extract was successfully formulated with BSF-based chitosan to form a BSF-kipahit leaf chitosan composite. According to the anti-bacterial activity assay, the potential composite of kipahit leaf extract and BSF-based chitosan was obtained at a concentration of 1%. However, the effectiveness of its inhibition against the growth of Xanthomonas oryzae is less than the indivdual BSF-based chitosan.

Highly starch content in sorghum seed has a high potential raw material for the sorghum fluor to be a raw material of liquid sugar known as glucose syrup. The syrup is usually produced through enzymatically or chemically hydrolysis using a strong acid. In this study, sorghum starch is hydrolyzed chemically using a catalyst of organic acids extracted from roselle flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). The goal of the study is to produce glucose syrup free from chemical agents so as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Rosella flowers are known to contain high amounts of organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, and hibiscus acid. Apart from having natural acid content, rosella flowers also contain vitamins (ascorbic acid) and are rich in natural red pigment dyes from the anthocyanins that can be an added value for the glucose syrup products. Organic acid extraction of dried rosella flowers was carried out at a temperature of 100°C for 30 minutes in a water bath and filtered. The resulting acid extract then determined the value of the total titrated acid (TTA) by the acid-base titration method. Sorghum starch is prepared by mixing sorghum flour with distilled water and then cooled at 4°C for 12 hours. Starch is obtained from the dried filtrate to obtain a water content of <14%. The starch hydrolysis process with rosella flower extract was carried out in several variations, namely the hydrolysis time of 1 - 4 hours, the TTA concentration of rosella 4 - 16%. Meanwhile, the temperature and stirring speed were fixed at 96°C and 200 rpm. The resulting glucose levels were analyzed by the spectrophotometric method. From this research, the result shows that the best sorghum starch hydrolysis condition was obtained at the addition of 16% acid extract for 180 minutes which gave 13.83% of glucose yield