Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder due to insulin resistance caused by destruction of beta cells of pancreas. Insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients leads to hyperglycemia. Serum adiponectin is a more sensitive and specific biomarker for early detection of diabetic nephropathy than urinary microalbuminuria.Methods: This is a case-control study conducted in Akash Institute of Medical Sciences, A total 180 subjects (120 cases and 60 controls). All the subjects included after informed consent, blood samples and urine samples are collected from the all the subjects. The serum Adiponectin and was estimated by using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and fasting blood sugar (FBS), post prandial blood sugar (PPBS) and renal function test (RFT) was also estimated by laboratory standard methods.Results: This study was evaluated the FBS, PPBS, RFT and serum adiponectin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and compare them with healthy controls. The serum adiponectin levels more significantly elevated in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and compared with the healthy controls. The study also found that significantly elevated levels of FBS, PPBS and RFT in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and compared with the healthy controls, The statistically significant levels of serum adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and when compared with the controls (p= 0.0001).Conclusions: The study suggesting that the s estimation of serum adiponectin levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients useful for early detection of diabetic nephropathy. Because elevated levels of serum adiponectin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus, this levels are positively correlated with the FBS and PPBS.

Alstrom Syndrome was first described by Carl Henry Alstrom in 1959. The key features include childhood onset obesity, congenital retinal dystrophy leading to blindness, sensori-neural deafness. The associated endocrinologic aspects are early onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia. Mutations in the ALMS1 gene have been found to be causative for AS.The normal protein is present at very low levels in most tissues. The mutation results in a non-functional protein, explaining the various signs and symptoms of Alstrom's. Here we report on a case with Alstrom Syndrome at the age of 28 years. She came with the complaints of generalised swelling of the body, breathlessness, decreased urine output with a significant past history of visual and hearing impairment, diabetes, hypertension, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Awareness of Alstrom Syndrome is lacking despite the complexity and lethality of this disorder. Thus Alstrom Syndrome can be thought of as a rare genetic disorder with several feature similar to metabolic syndrome. It is a rare disease and difficult to make differential diagnosis with other similar syndromes, therefore this case will be a good example of Alstrom Syndrome for the literature.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder due to insulin resistance caused by destruction of beta cells of pancreas. Insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients leads to hyperglycemia. Serum amylase and lipase levels is an exocrine enzyme produced by acinar cells of pancreas. Altered levels of serum amylase and lipase leads to endocrine disorders, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus.Methods: This is a case-control study conducted in Akash Institute of Medical Sciences, A total 100 subjects (50 cases and 50 controls). All the subjects included after informed consent, blood samples are collected from the all the subjects. The serum amylase and was estimated by using enzymatic commercial available kits and fasting blood sugar (FBS), post-parandial blood sugar (PPBS), renal function test (RFT) and liver function test (LFT) was also estimated by laboratory standard methods.Results: This study evaluated the FBS, PPBS, RFT, LFT, Amylase and Lipase levels in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and compare them with healthy controls. The serum amylase and lipase levels more significantly elevated in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and compared with the healthy controls. The study also found that significantly elevated levels of FBS, PPBS, RFT and LFT in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and compared with the healthy controls, The statistically significant levels of serum amylase and lipase levels in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared with the controls (p=0.0001).Conclusions: The study suggesting that to estimation of serum amylase and lipase levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients useful for early detection of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Because elevated levels of serum amylase and lipase in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus, these levels are positively correlated with the FBS and PPBS.

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications in India due to good efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Overdose of this wonderful dihydropyridine though common in the western world has been scarcely reported in the Indian literature. We report the case of intoxication with Amlodipine, in a young female software technician. The patient came with a very different presentation of loose stools with severe hypotension, bradycardia, altered sensorium, hyperglycemia, respiratory distress and metabolic acidosis. With the patient on assisted mechanical ventilation and without any correlating history, there was a diagnostic dilemma. But with detailed history taking and from repeated conversations with the relatives, empty strips of Amlodipine tablets were found at the patient's bedside. The patient was treated with stomach wash, fluid resucsitation, calcium gluconate, Dopamine, hyperinsulinemia euglycemia therapy. The patient made a complete recovery and was discharged after a psychiatric consultation.

BACKGROUND: TE was the frequent CNS opportunistic infection in AIDS in the pre-HAART era. It occurred in 10% of the patients or more depending on the geographic origin, in areas where HAART is not used widely and where AIDS patients are not on appropriate anti-parasitic prophylaxis. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS almost always occurs from recrudescence of previously acquired infection. It usually occurs in patients with CD4 counts less than 100/μL. Most recently the incidence of cerebral toxoplasmosis has further decreased in the HAART era. The clinical profile of Cerebral toxoplasmosis is as similar to other neuro infection, but differs radiologically and treatment response. OBJECTIVES: The present study is taken up with respect to its clinical manifestations, diagnostic features, response to therapy and outcome. METHODS: We carried out a prospective observational study in 30 patients of cerebral toxoplasmosis who were HIV Seropositive, at Bowring & Victoria Hospitals attached to Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore from September 2007 to September 2009. RESULTS: Out of 30 patients studied, the mean age was35.7±9.3 years. Prevalence of TE was more in males (Ratio was 2.01). Headache and altered sensorium were more common presentation 73.3% each. Mean CD4 count was 59.57±5.32 (4:14 cells/μL). 22(73.3%) were positive for serum antitoxoplasma IgG antibodies. Majority of the TE patients 76.7% showed bilateral multiple ring enhancing hypodense lesion, 20% of the patients showed solitary lesions. Among the 30 patients, clinical outcome was good with 18(60%) improved to combination therapy of pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine for a period of 14±2 days with minimum toxicity and 6 (20%)patients died during the therapy and 6(20%) patients lost follow up. CONCLUSION: TE was the AIDS defining illness in 50% of our patients. In patients with AIDS, TE is usually a presumptive diagnosis. CT scan brain, was found to be the most useful approach to the diagnosis. There was a significant relationship between CD4 counts of less than 100 cells/μL and development of TE in HIV seropositive patients. Seronegativitiy for anti-toxoplasma antibodies, does not rule out TE. Combination of oral pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine therapy for a period of 14±2 days was effective in TE.