Computerized transverse axial scanning (computed tomography) is a relatively new radiographic technique designed to recover precise cross-sectional images (tomograms) of 3-dimensional objects. This highly sensitive process permits tissues of similar density to be separated and displayed unambiguously. These special features are, therefore, ideal for analyzing the cross-sectional geometry of intact fossil long bones, even when they are highly mineralized and their medullary cavities are occluded by matrix. In order to demonstrate the utility of this method in assessing the complex relationship between fossil structure and probable function, geometrical and biomechanical properties of midshaft tomograms of femora and tibiae have been analyzed for a comparative primate sample consisting of Megaladapis edwardsi (an extinct giant prosimian from Madagascar), Indri indri (the largest extant prosimian), and Homo sapiens.

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A circular silicone spacer placed between the spinous processes appears to contribute to the stability of the cadaveric lumbar spine. There are many attractions to using a simple, soft implant that can be placed with minimal surgery between the spinous processes.

We assessed the use of woven carbon fibre pads to resurface osteochondral defects in animals and in patients. The pads became filled with structurally strong and compliant fibrous tissue and did not provoke a synovial reaction, though pigmentation was induced in some animals. Of the patients, 77% had a satisfactory response to resurfacing, with no synovitis. Our initial experiments indicate that carbon pads may provide a satisfactory treatment for localised articular defects.

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