Although a decline in ARTI was observed in two of the four zones and at national level, the current ARTI of about 1% in three zones suggests that further intensification of TB control activities is required.

Setting Community based tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys in ten sites across India during 2006–2012 Objective To re-analyze data of recent sub-national surveys using uniform statistical methods and obtain a pooled national level estimate of prevalence of TB. Methods Individuals ≥15 years old were screened by interview for symptoms suggestive of Pulmonary TB (PTB) and history of anti-TB treatment; additional screening by chest radiography was undertaken in five sites. Two sputum specimens were examined by smear and culture among Screen-positives. Prevalence in each site was estimated after imputing missing values to correct for bias introduced by incompleteness of data. In five sites, prevalence was corrected for non-screening by radiography. Pooled prevalence of bacteriologically positive PTB was estimated using Random Effects Model after excluding data from one site. Overall prevalence of TB (all ages, all types) was estimated by adjusting for extra-pulmonary TB and Pediatric TB. Results Of 769290 individuals registered, 715989 were screened by interview and 294532 also by radiography. Sputum specimen were examined from 50 852 individuals. Estimated prevalence of smear positive, culture positive and bacteriologically positive PTB varied between 108.4–428.1, 147.9–429.8 and 170.8–528.4 per 100000 populations in different sites. Pooled estimate of prevalence of bacteriologically positive PTB was 350.0 (260.7, 439.0). Overall prevalence of TB was estimated at 300.7 (223.7–377.5) in 2009, the mid-year of surveys. Prevalence was significantly higher in rural compared to urban areas. Conclusion TB burden continues to be high in India suggesting further strengthening of TB control activities.

Tuberculin sensitivity was not influenced by nutritional status among apparently healthy school children.

The supratrochlear foramen (STF) of the humerus has been a neglected entity in standard anatomy and orthopaedics text books. The knowledge of the presence of STF in a humerus may be important for preoperative planning for treatment of supracondylar fractures. The presence of STF may also result in erroneous interpretation of radiographs. Materials and Methods: The presence of STF was studied in 96 dry adult humeri of unknown sex from the department of Anatomy, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana. The presence & shapes of the STF were established by visual observations. The supracondylar foramen is seen in 18.7% of total humeri. Results: It was present more frequently on the left side (23.6%) than on the right side (13.6%). The oval shape was more common. Conclusion: The anatomical knowledge of STF is beneficial for anthropologists, orthopaedic surgeons & radiologists. In cases of humeral fractures of the supratrochlear foramen, the surgeon must keep in mind that it is better to perform an antegrade medullary nailing than a retrograde one; as there is higher chance of a secondary fracture, due to the extreme narrowness of the canal at the distal portion of humerus.

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