Aim: To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying triggering of apoptosis by hesperetin using in silico and in vitro methods. Methods: The mechanism of binding of hesperetin with NF-kB and other apoptotic proteins like BAX, BAD, BCL 2 and BCL XL was analysed in silico using Schrodinger suite 2009. In vitro studies were also carried out to evaluate the potency of hesperetin in inducing apoptosis using the human prostate cancer PC-3 cell line. Results: Hesperetin was found to exhibit high-affinity binding resulting from greater intermolecular forces between the ligand and its receptor NF-kB (-7.48 Glide score). In vitro analysis using MTT assay confirmed that hesperetin reduced cell proliferation (IC 50 values of 90 and 40µM at 24 and 48h respectively) in PC-3 cells. Hesperetin also downregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL XL at both mRNA and protein levels and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes like BAD at mRNA level and BAX at mRNA as well as protein levels. Conclusion: The results suggest that hesperetin can induce apoptosis by inhibiting NF-kB.

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Terpenes Terpenes U 0200 Samaderin B (Ia) and C (Ib) from Samadera indica. -[2 quassinoids with space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 and Z=4]. -(MALATHI, R.; RAJAN*, S. S.; SURESH, G.; KRISHNAKUMARI, G. N.; GOPALAKRISHNAN, G.; Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 59 (2003) 8, o416-o418; Dep. Crystallogr. Biophys., Univ. Madras, Madras 600 025, India; Eng.) -Lindner 50-181

Cissus quadrangularis a succulent vine belongs to Vitaceae family is widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world and used frequently to various disorders. The plant has been reported to contain flavonoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, glycosides and rich source of calcium. This study aims to bring a systematic review of C. quadrangularis in various pharmacological mechanisms. Evidence from the previous studies suggested the efficacy of C. quadrangularis with antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, bone turnover, cardiovascular and hepatoprotective activities. In conclusion, Cissus quadrangularis appears worthy of pharmacological investigations for new drug formulations.