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The use and importance of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for flood area mapping studies have been proved beyond the doubts as SAR signals are able to penetrate the thick formation of clouds and are able to receive the reflected signals of surface objects even during extreme weather conditions. At the same time, the accuracies of an SAR image-based flood area mapping model has a direct relationship with the frequency of the source SAR signal, the polarization mode that has been used, and the incidence angle by which the disaster region has been sensed. In addition to this, while evolving SAR image-based flood area mapping models, it is a must to understand the response of the inundated regions of the different geographical regions, as well as the response of the same geographical region during different climatic and seasonal periods as the same object, produces different signatures in varying situations. As of this date, there is no single article that can synchronize such information, which is widely disseminated across various research publications. This article mainly focuses on gathering and reviewing such vital information as well as bringing out the details about the physical basis of the interaction of the radar signal with various water surfaces of different geographical conditions, the response of inundated regions under different frequency, polarization, and incidence angle. Such information is mainly used to understand the difficulties that arise when mapping the inundated regions using the SAR image. In the end, the significant observations of the literature reviews are highlighted, which is very useful for young researchers who are interested in building flood area application models using different sets of SAR data.

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