No abstract

Porosity and degree of saturation – or the water content – are important parameters for hydrogeological, geotechnical and environmental studies. Geophysical methods, especially the resistivity method, are routinely employed to study the spatial variations of these parameters. Resistivity is highly influenced by the presence of water in pore spaces and hence is well suited for studying the presence of fluids on a site and its saturation condition. However, the non‐uniqueness of the solution of resistivity models has led to the joint use of more than one geophysical method in order to reach more accurate geophysical models. In this research, we combined resistivity and seismic refraction profiles. The integration of these methods was particularly aimed to obtain 2D sections for estimating the porosity, water saturation and volumetric water content rather than to obtain a better geophysical solution.Independently inverted resistivity and P‐wave refraction sections are the input data to an iterative analysis process using simulated annealing. Empirical equations taken from the literature are used to relate both the seismic velocity and the electrical resistivity with porosity and water saturation. Several parameters, such as the resistivity of water and clay; the velocity of water, clay, air and matrix; clay percentage and Archie’s parameters remain constant throughout the process. The values considered for each parameter are derive from both the literature and laboratory measurements.Resistivity and seismic refraction profiles were performed on a site located within the LNEC campus. At this site, field measurements of void ratio and volumetric water content were performed at different depths. Soil samples were also collected at three different depths in order to perform laboratory measurements of these parameters and to determine soil composition. The laboratory results were compared with the 2D sections of each parameter. The proposed approach was also applied to two other locations with different and well characterized geology. These tests also allowed us to characterize the dependency of the clay content on the resistivity.This research has potential fields of application in environmental studies, in particular, the determination of probable pathways of pollutants; in hydrological investigations, where it can be useful to transport of nutrients studies; and in geotechnical studies, where, for example, it will be able to give a continuous image of the saturation degree of an embankment.

No abstract

Although there are some test methods do detect and locate defects in geomembrane liners after the placement of the primary leachate collection system, namely the soil-covered geomembrane method (mobile probe) and the grid method (permanent), the existing methods present some disadvantages. They are labor and time consuming and, so, very expensive. These conditions lead us to the development of a quick and low-cost, but also accurate, test prototype to check the geomembranes integrity after the placement of the granular layer. The methodology consists in the development of a prototype combining the mobile probe method with the multicables resistivity equipments presently used for geophysical surveys. This prototype is endowed with ways that allow to the semi-automatic data acquisition (detection location of the defects) and its processing in real time. The functionality of the prototype is presently being verified in a pilot plant, at one of ISEL's (Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa) laboratory. The experimental work under way includes different types of lining systems and defects. A bigger scale pilot plant is being constructed at LNEC's (Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil) campus, to verify, at real scale, its functionality. Afterwards, the prototype will be checked in situ, at a true landfill.