The aim of this study was to produce and characterize inclusion complexes (IC) between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and orange essential oil (OEO) or eucalyptus essential oil (EEO), and to compare these with their pure compounds and physical mixtures. The samples were evaluated by chemical composition, morphology, thermal stability, and volatile compounds by static headspace-gas chromatography (SH-GC). Comparing the free essential oil and physical mixture with the inclusion complex, of both essential oils (OEO and EEO), it was observed differences occurred in the chemical composition, thermal stability, and morphology. These differences show that there was the formation of the inclusion complex and demonstrate the necessity of the precipitation method used to guarantee the interaction between β-CD and essential oils. The slow loss of the volatile compounds from both essential oils, when complexed with β-CD, showed a higher stability when compared with their physical mixtures and free essential oils. Therefore, the results showed that the chemical composition, molecular size, and structure of the essential oils influence the characteristics of the inclusion complexes. The application of the β-CD in the formation of inclusion complexes with essential oils can expand the potential applications in foods.
RESUMO -Realizou-se, sob condições de casa de vegetação, um experimento para avaliar o efeito de fontes e de doses de nitrogênio (N) na formação de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' em tubetes. Os tratamentos, combinações de duas fontes (nitrato de cálcio e uréia) e quatro doses de N (0,15; 0,30; 0,45; e 0,60 g L -1 ) e uma testemunha sem a adição de fertilizante nitrogenado, foram dispostos em delineamento blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições. O fornecimento de N (10 mL de solução por tubete) foi iniciado 56 dias após a germinação, sendo repetido semanalmente, por 15 semanas. Observou-se, apenas, efeito de doses de N sobre a altura, diâmetro do caule e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das mudas. Os efeitos das variações na dose de N sobre essas variáveis foram ajustados a modelos quadráticos de regressão, com valor máximo correspondente à dose média de 0,37 g L -1 de N, a partir da qual o crescimento das mudas foi reduzido. Para as raízes, a produção de matéria seca apresentou comportamento distinto também entre fontes de N, sendo que, para a uréia, a massa de raízes aumentou linearmente com a dose de N e, para o nitrato de cálcio, o efeito foi descrito por modelo quadrático, com valor máximo obtido para a dose de 0,35 g L -1 de N. As acumulações de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na parte aérea das mudas de limoeiro 'Cravo' acompanharam as variações na produção de matéria seca, sendo descritas por modelos quadráticos, segundo os quais a absorção de nutrientes foi limitada pela aplicação das doses mais altas de nitrogênio. Termos para indexação: propagação de citros, ambiente protegido, nitrogênio, Citrus limonia. NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON RANGPUR LIME ROOTSTOCK PRODUCED IN DIBBLE TUBESABSTRACT -A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen sources and rates on growth of rangpur lime seedlings in dibble tubes. The treatments comprised the combinations of two sources (calcium nitrate and urea) and four rates of nitrogen (0.15; 0.30; 0.45; and 0.60 g L -1 ), and an additional control treatment without N fertilization. The treatments were disposed according to a randomized complete block design as a 2 x 4 + 1 factorial arrangement with four replications. Nitrogen fertilizers (10 mL per dibble tube) were applied weekly during 15 weeks, starting at 56 days after seed germination. The data revealed effects of N rates on plant height, stem diameter and shoot dry matter yield. The effects of the N rates on these parameters were adjusted to quadratic regression models with maximum values corresponding to the rate of 0.37 g N L -1 . The growth was reduced at rates higher than 0.37 g N L -1 of either calcium nitrate or urea. The effects of calcium nitrate and urea were different on root dry matter yield. For urea, root dry matter increased with the N rate, but for calcium nitrate the effect was described by a quadratic model, with maximum value corresponding to the rate of 0.35 g N L -1 . Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium accumulation in the shoot...
RESUMO Realizou-se um estudo para avaliar o efeito de fontes de luz na micropropagação de morangueiro, com níveis crescentes de BAP no meio de cultivo. Para tanto, inocularamse gemas de brotações da cultivar 'Sabrosa' em meio MS com BAP (0; 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; e 1,
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