A combination of nanoindentation mapping and machine-earning (ML) modeling has been used to characterize the micro-structural changes in SnPb solder balls exposed to thermal cycling. The model facilitated the microstructural evaluation of solder bumps through the prediction of microscale variations of Young's modulus in the joint zone. The outcomes revealed that the micromechanical data-driven ML model precisely classified the microstructural constituents, i.e., β-Sn and α-Pb, along with the grain boundary (GB) regions. However, some deviations were observed in GB recognition, when the elastic modulus gradient was not sharp enough. The predictive results also revealed that the increase in number of thermal cycles led to stiffening and grain coarsening of α-Pb, while the β-Sn matrix mainly remained stable. Moreover, it was found that the thermal cycling intensified structural heterogeneity in the solder and sharpened the elastic modulus variations at the GB regions. In summary, the outcomes of this study demonstrate the prediction possibility of microstructural features in SnPb solder balls with a predefined thermal cycle numbers, and unfolded the relationship between morphological characteristics and microscale mechanical properties.
Negara Indonesia menganut sistem demokrasi dimana setiap warga negara memiliki hak yang sama dalam mengambil keputusan dan ikut serta dalam perumusan dan keterwakilan untuk Indonesia yang lebih baik. Terkadang kepentingan demokrasi dikorbankan dan rakyat tidak mendapatkan haknya bagi golongan tertentu, terutama menjelang pemilihan umum gubernur, walikota, DPR/DPRD dan Presiden. Badan Pengawas Pemilihan Umum (Bawaslu) yang merupakan penyelenggara dan penyelenggara pemilihan umum di Indonesia memiliki peran penting dalam penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum, termasuk menjaga demokrasi berjalan bagi rakyat Indonesia. Bawaslu harus bisa menjaga demokrasi tetap aman dan dilaksanakan pada saat pemilu agar tidak ada indikasi kecurangan dalam pemilu dan menciptakan pemilu yang jujur dan adil. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Bawaslu Sumut menjaga nilai-nilai demokrasi saat pemilu.
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