Extracts from Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae) strongly reduced the fitness of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti Linn. The methanolic extracts inhibited several enzymes responsible for protecting insects from oxidative and other damage, including glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, cytochrome P450, and α- and β-esterases. They increased repellency (maximum repellency at 100 ppm) in host-seeking adult females using the "arm-in cage assay." Histopathological examination showed the extracts led to serious midgut cell damage. Justicia adhatoda extracts led to reduced fecundity and oviposition of gravid females compared to controls. The extracts led to substantially reduced A. aegypti survival. We infer that the extracts have potential to reduce pathogen transmission by suppressing population growth of A. aegypti, and possibly other mosquito species.

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Background: Adjuvants have been used as one of the key components in modern-day vaccines to enhance the immune response or as a drug delivery carrier. Generally, vaccines are administered to protect the host against harmful disease-causing infectious pathogens. The area of vaccine delivery is reaching new heights day by day with the evolution of the strategies and tools used for vaccine development. Currently, the vaccine has created a great impact by saving the lives of enormous human beings. Methods: A narrative review of all the relevant papers were conducted across the databases of PubMed and ScienceDirect. Results: Based on the various studies performed in various animal models, the Chitosan nanoparticle (CNP) was reported to be a safe and effective adjuvant candidate for a wide range of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines that require a balanced and potent stimulation of both the cellular and humoral responses, due to its natural origin and good biocompatibility, as well as its lack of lethal toxicity to humans and animals. Conclusion: There was a tremendous shift in the paradigm of vaccine drug delivery from the use of conventional to novel adjuvants. For the development of a promising vaccine delivery system, adjuvant plays an irreplaceable role but the adjuvants had not been utilized to their full potential because of the limited number of approved adjuvants. Hence the search for novel adjuvants is highly increased. In the list of versatile adjuvants, chitosan derivatives occupy an important place because of their huge benefits. The chitosan derivatives are obtained by the chemical modification of chitosan. The studies performed on various animal models validate the potential use of chitosan as an adjuvant for vaccine delivery.

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common pathological conditions with ulcers in the oral mucosa. Various conventional medicines are available in the market for RAS but due to a range of factors people are getting affected by RAS gradually. More over conventional medicines are all having the side effects so the alternative system for the treatment of RAS came in to the market. Although herbal medicines are widely used in India and other countries and multiple studies are conducted in this regard, but still many of the herbal plants are not utilized though they are having traditional claim. Aim of this is review is suggesting the herbal plants which are claimed for the treatment of mouth ulcer but scientifically validated for gastric ulcer by using animal models should also be validated for mouth ulcer by clinical trials and also which are used traditionally but not yet concentrated can be evaluated and used for the treatment of RAS.