Two broad categories of grinding action are recognized; one where negligible ploughing and rubbing take place and where the plunge velocity versus normal force intensity curve is a straight line through the origin, the other where ploughing and rubbing predominate and the plunge velocity versus normal force intensity curve is concave upward. The effects of wheelspeed, workspeed and conformity are found to differ depending upon which category the grinding action falls under. A theory relating the metal removal rate to the force intensity is presented which applies only to grinding with negligible rubbing and ploughing.

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The causes of random-size variations and random-taper variations in feed-rate grinding are described and related to stock variations and wheel-sharpness variations. A new technique, controlled-force grinding, is presented which eliminates errors resulting from variable elastic deflections. An analysis is made of the rounding-up dynamics of the controlled-force system and a critical workspeed is found which must be exceeded in order to have a rounding-up action. A study is also made of the stability of the system using the Nyquist criterion.