We investigated the focusing properties of a double-ring-shaped azimuthally polarized beam tightly focused with a high NA lens and a binary phase filter. We observe that by using 3 belts and 5 belts binary phase filters novel focal patterns including splitting of focal rings and multiring focus are obtained. We also found that a suitably designed phase structure can shift the focal rings along optical axis. The author expects such investigation is worthwhile for optical manipulation and material processing technologies.

No abstract

No abstract

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) in which moving nodes act as mobile-terminals as well as routing stations. These movements cause the change in the network topology. In this connection, route establishment is the primary task to initiate the communication between resources is very difficult due to their random movements. MANET flooding method is used for broadcasting route request (RREQ) packet from one node to another node for route discovery. This is the simplest method of broadcasting of RREQ packets but it often results in broadcast storm problem, originating collisions and congestion of packets in the network. The conventional routing protocol designed for MANET fail to handle dynamic movement and self-starting behavior of the node effectively. Most broadcast protocols are however only ever evaluated using simulations, which have repeatedly been shown to be unreliable, and potentially misleading. In this paper, a new routing algorithm named Binary Tree Structured based Network Approach using Depth Search (BTSNA-DS) for energy efficient path from sender to receiver is proposed. Finally, the performance Analysis of the proposed BTSNA-DS algorithm provide better performance compare to the existing Energy Efficient Neighbor Coverage Protocol (EENCP) and also improved the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) with mobility, transmission range, and number of node is increased.

No abstract