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Diffusion fluxes of two anionic species through hydroxyapatite membranes were found to be reduced up to 50% by the presence of adsorbed salivary pellicles developed on the membrane surfaces. By contrast, water fluxes were only marginally affected, indicating that salivary pellicles display ionic permselectivity. This property is used to explain a remarkable protection of the enamel observed when salivary pellicles were developed on extracted teeth before exposure to acid lactate buffers.

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Aims:  To conduct a pilot human clinical trial to assess the safety and to test the ability of a probiotic mouthwash, ProBiora3, to affect the levels of Streptococcus mutans and certain known periodontal pathogens in the mouth when administered twice daily over a period of 4 weeks. Methods and Results:  The mouthwash contained three specific strains of naturally occurring oral bacteria and was tested at two dose levels: 106 and 108 colony forming units each of Strep. oralis strain KJ3sm, Strep. uberis strain KJ2sm, and the spontaneous lactic acid‐deficient variant of Strep. rattus, strain JH145. Substantial decreases in the levels of the marker bacteria were observed. No safety issues were noted with the twice daily application of this mouthwash. Conclusions:  Despite the small number of subjects and the use of young, orally healthy adults, along with the inherent variability in the microbiological measurements, the probiotic mouthwash was able to substantially affect the levels of dental pathogens in saliva and periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque. Significance and Impact of the Study:  The results of this pilot human study suggest that the probiotic mouthwash product may be safe for daily use as an aid in maintaining both dental and periodontal health.